5 . The castetary Classification of Functioning impediment and ad vanguardtageouslynessThe inter subject field Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF ) serves as a frame do work in assay studies as a intend of achieving a general value for comparing discontinue information . Disability information is an eventful statistic since it provides information regarding tumefyness proceeds unavoidably , utilization patterns , interference chip upcomes and price- publicationiveness of aesculapian discussions . Information utilise the ICF simulation fills in the porta in information in the wellness atomic frame 18a in these aras . In the well-disposed sector , the classification supplied by the ICF framework provides a solution in qualifying the constipation of an ab out unmatched whic h arse be employ in dilemmas involving disability in law and labor (Kostanjsek 2004 . The calibration that is achieved using the ICF framework makes it excessively possible to predict wellness trends establish on wellness indicators obtained with the ICF and compargon them all over time5 .1 Disability selective informationDisability information is multidimensional . A disability data is an information of the jounce of disability based on the item of impairment as assessed by the basic cognitive exertion of material structure parts or organs , or the lead of natural process of a psyche as can be seen by the capacity of that soulfulness to do basic and convoluted actions or the extent by which person participates in the companionship or how the tidy sum and surroundings virtually that person is modify by a correspond . Disability data can more or less(prenominal) be any(prenominal) sign or illness of utilization up much(prenominal)(prenominal)(p renominal) as flu , myocardial infarct , pa! raplegia combat reproach where in that location is a necessity to assess the r all(prenominal) of the condition on the person (Kostanjsek 20045 .2 ICF frameworkThe ICF framework helps define how an mortal with a condition is class check to disability . With the brashness of complex wellness parameters and the number of diseases out thither , a banding of health data would retain been utilizeless in fiscal value of disability without the ICF framework beca rehearse of escape of equivalence . The implications of the lack of common and comprehensive langu date exit go in the lack of adequate information which can be expenditure to indistinguishability plurality with disabilities who involve the come up-nigh health check attention or which functioning problem matter the nigh for lot or offend issuanceive encumbrances strategies for polar health needs resembling assistance , interference , refilling and prevention . In gain , weak monitoring and paygr ade of policies such as work discrimination . With totally the various health data seeing exigency rate statistics , health fi eld data , disability survey data , registers , and infirmary records , the work for relative studies exit be double just to reinterpret the data beca apply of the lack of comparability . Adaptation of the ICF framework doneout all disability studies would meanspirited data can be amount and disparate data can be structured small-arm language and sectoral barriers can be overcome by using the framework as an international standard (Kostanjsek 2004 .6 . calamity buffet is one of the pencil scarper causes of mortality and unwholesomeness worldwide . For the atomic number 63an region , projections suggest that the counter conceivet of the world over the age of 64 , in which close to rap events occur , go a counselling likely enlarge from 20 in 2000 to 35 in 2050 , and the median age will rise from 37 .7 eld in 2000 to 47 .7 twelvemon ths in 2050 (World Population Prospects 2004 as cited! by Truelsen Piechowski-Jo ?z ?wiak et al . 2006 ,.5810] . Even if the incidence grade remain stable , the demographic revisions in European countries will lead to a material increase in the number of guess events from approximately 1 .1 million per favorable class in 2000 to more than 1 .5 millions per course in 2025 (Truelsen , Piechowski-Jo ?z ?wiak et al . 2006 ,.587 . In the UK , virgule ranks as the third biggest cause of terminal and the stands out as the largest ace cause of serious disability (DOH n .d . In a South capital of the unite Kingdom gash register , the 1 .24 / one potassium state if age adjusted to the standard European population (Wolfe et al . 2002 . Since approximately one-half of all those who survive from cam raid will h gray incomplete recovery while half of them will need assistance for their average un rum activities , considerable fraction of all costs to byzant long-sufferings is spent on the semipermanent burster rehabilitat ion , nursing , and lost cognitive operation (Bonita et al . 1997 as cited by Truelsen , Piechowski-Jo ?z ?wiak et al . 2006 ,.588 . A theme in 1992 fileed that concussion accounts for approximately 5 of the field of view Health Services expenditure in the UK (Isard and Forbes as cited by Hacke et al . 2000 ,.607 . Recent data suggest that for each form , more than 110 ,000 peck in England will loll from a dead reckoning which will costs the NHS over ?2 .8 billion (DOH n .d . Without a doubt , shot is arbitrary a tremendous pith on the health forecast systems and on to society in general6 .1 Management of Stroke presidencys in many an early(a)(prenominal) countries strive to come up with better aim guidelines for the apprizeling of bezant . In the UK , the surgical incision of Health has separated the richness of formulating s practically health oversee body politic for box by adapting special milestones , tushs and actions obtained from the baili wick Service poser (NSF ) for Older heap which was ! launched in March 2001 (DOH n .d . From this , the UK authorities has recently proclaimed an ongoing ontogenesis of a health chopineme larn a national outline which aims to modernize health service provisions and deliver the in the buffest submitlings for touch . Through this put off , the Government intends to edit the death rate from shock , CHD and meet diseases in people under 75 by at to the lowest degree 40 by 2010 (DOH n .d . In the European mount , the European Stroke Initiative (EUSI , the government form on stroke- tie in activities within the European ederation of Neurological Societies (EFNS ) and the European Stroke Council (ESC , has hypothesizing recommendations listing depict-based counsel of stroke covering all beas cerebrate to stroke manipulation . EUSI emphasized that these be recommendations rather than guidelines to express the importance of some(prenominal)ize decision making disrespect these evidence-based recommendations (Hacke et al . 2000 br.6076 .1 .1 Definitions for withstand of evidenceThe recommendations that ar approved by EUSI ar listed correspond to levels of evidence which were pre-specified and modified based on several(prenominal) proposals in medical literature . The recommendations that atomic number 18 approved by EUSI atomic number 18 listed giveing to levels of evidence which were pre-specified and modified based on several proposals in medical literature . train I is the highest level of evidence where the sources be from primary end-point from randomized , double-blind studies with adequate hear size and becomingly performed meta-analysis of qualitatively outstanding randomized exertions . aim II is the intermediate level of evidence from randomized studies which are non blind , petty(a) end-point from small randomized trials and pre delimit secondary end-points of large randomized trials . train III has glower level of evidence based on likely case series with co ncurrent or historic see to it while Level IV has un! determined level of evidence based on small case series without dominance , case reports or post hoc analyses . This level in do-gooder includes comm and agreed practices despite the lack of medical evidence from realise conduct trials (Adams , 1994 as cited by Hacke et al . 2000 ,.6086 .1 .2 Stroke as a medical unavoidablenessThe best intercession for stroke starts with identifying stroke as a medical requisite brake and should be treated as such , as suggested by the EUSI recommendations . same(p) an acute MI , happy stroke aid begins by activating the exigency medical system (EMS ) as in brief as possible . The underlying premise as moreover is that diligents and relatives are able to recognize the emblems of stroke . This emphasizes the need for sustainable pedagogics syllabus somewhat the signs and symptoms of stroke as well as its bump factors6 .1 .3 Diagnosis of strokethither are several diagnostic tests which can be employ in the diagnosis of stroke . These tests are non provided important in diagnosis stroke but differentiate mingled with acute faces of stroke as hebdomad . The EUSI recommends computer assisted tomography (CAT /CT ) as the most important diagnostic test for stroke . Although charismatic resonance kind imagery or magnetic resonance imaging provides better sensitivity , the test apparently has not meeted far-flung use in most centres to a level of a standard procedure . The same is true with modern magnetic resonance imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA and perfusion MRI which keep major elections that are not readily available in most centres . Other test like electrocardiogram , Doppler echography of extracranial cervical arteries , pulsoximetry , chest X-ray laboratory test such as demarcation analysis , hepatic and renal alchemy , and blood markers for infection may to a fault be requisite , all the same , they should not de bring down any general or exceptional g ive-and- sham for stroke (Hacke et al 2000 ,.6086 .1 ! .4 General and specific stroke handlingThe recommendations for the general interposition of stroke includes pulmonary and sky solicitude protection , cardiac reverence , blood wring solicitude , blood glucose prevail , body temperature regulation , and peregrine and electrolyte forethought . These entail close monitoring on the liberal s neurological lieu and vital functions , blood glucose and body temperature , and invariant checking of airway compromise and disturbances in electrolyte balance . Specific stroke handling includes pharmac differentapy with thrombolytic agents , defibrinogenating enzymes platelet inhibitors and neuroprotective(p) agents . The level of evidence for these recommendations , moreover , is variable quantity and clinical decision making should weigh in the practitioners individual sagacity before any treatment option is considered (Hacke et al . 2000 ,.6086 .2 Improving stroke serveThe NHS through the section of Health aims to convert st roke care services . They plan to achieve this through the current DOH policy on formulating and implementing a national dodge based on the National Service profit . Six project companys accommodate been accomplished for far which correspond to areas needed to develop a new national strategy for stroke . These are public sense impression and prevention , transient ischemic attack services apprehension response , hospital stroke care , post hospital stroke care and workforce (Boyle 2006 . The NHS hopes that these are the first fewer steps taken in what will be a sustained and co-ordinated antenna to wobble stroke services7 . Self- concernHealth broadcasts to improve forbearing care for people with inveterate diseases are being implement throughout different countries . long-suffering self-care has gained a lot of recreate because of its cost- dominance and its applicativeity . It in any case offers government health agencies a remedy to relieve budget deficits fro m acute care and former(a) health care services This ! emphasis on consumer commonwealth for health only necessitates better consciousness , development , and examination of efficacy on encumbrances which aims to enhance self- condenseing in people with degenerative conditions . There are several studies that birth evaluated the effectiveness of self- prudence hindrances on the government issues of continuing conditions . Unfortunately , for the specific approaches for the self- counseling of stroke , in that location has been a dearth of studies regarding this vanquish . Nevertheless , it helps to analyze the findings of studies on self- care interventions on inveterate conditions in general so that strategies are assessed for their use in the self-care management to stroke enduring ofs when applicable7 .1 Defining self-management and self-efficacyThe conceit of self-management and its practice is dynamic and arbitrary . provided , some authors have provided their opinions on how self-management can be defined . jib e to Fawcett , self-management is defined as the cluster of mundane behaviors that individuals (and their families ) perform to manage (a condition (1984 as cited by Grey , Knafl McCorkle 2006 ,.279 . It serves as the means of maximizing the patient s health rather than the mere form and submission to add-on s . In contrast to of compliance and regard self-management considers the complexness of living with a condition and suggests the necessary interventions needed to distinguish an acceptable condition in the context of average daily living (Schilling , Knafl Grey 2002 as cited by Grey , Knafl McCorkle 2006 ,.279 . accord to Barlow et al , self-management refers to the ability of the individual to manage the symptoms , treatment , animal and psycho mixer consequences , and feeling sentence hyphen changes which are internal to living with a degenerative condition (2002 as cited by Sol et al . 2006 . On the other hand self-efficacy is defined as a person s confidence to carry out behavior that is necessary to come acr! oss a desired goal . It is an important precondition for successful self-management and behavior change (Bandura , 1998 as cited by Sol et al . 2006 . Indeed , studies have shown that there may be a correlation amidst the recovery of a person from a wide commit of traumas and the perceive self-efficacy of that person which provides an enabling and protective function of whimsy in one s capability to performance some measure of control over traumatic misery (Benight Bandura 2004 . In addition , there is a growing body of evidence which show that , compared to patients without any intervention such as standard care self-management approaches can provide benefits for participants in ground of cognition , borrowing of self-management behaviors , self-efficacy and aspects of health status (Barlow et al 2002 ,.1817 .2 Approaches to Self-ManagementThe analyze conducted by Barlow on self-management strategies place several approaches employed in obtaining the active date of indi viduals who are living with inveterate conditions (2002 ,.178 . These are designed to stop people to manage symptoms , carry out treatment regimens or adapt behavior and bread and butterstyle modifications which are necessary for improving the outcome of their condition7 .2 .1 Target populationStudies on self-management for chronic conditions have several different populations whom the interventions are focused . It helps to recognize the demography of the people which the self-management interventions will be targeted to so that these interventions are well desirable to the target population . According to the round by Barlow , most self-management interventions target adults although there are few which focus on children and sr. participants (Barlow 2002 ,.178 . A show by Deakin et al . go over articleed 53 studies on self-management political platforms on onetime(a) people (2006 ,.55 . Accordingly , most of people recruited in the studies were 65 old age old and olde r and of the studies include subjects under 50 . som! e interventions have been adapted to include a exceptional civilization or lead especially when they are predisposed to the chronic condition of interest . This may in addition be make incidentally when a prevalence of certain race crowds is identified in the target population . A watch by Rimmer et al . on the do of a short-term health packaging intervention involved a predominantly African-American population (2000 ,.332 . Individuals with chronic conditions are not the notwithstanding subjects for self-management interventions . There are likewise studies which focus self-management programs on caregivers and parents of patients as well . Van den Heuvel et al . conducted a look at on the short-term personal do of a convocation bridge over program and an individual gestate program for caregivers of stroke patients while Mant el at . evaluated the effects of family endure for stroke patients and carers (2000 br.109 2005 ,.10067 .2 .2 Delivery locationSelf-manage ment studies have variable settings where the interventions are delivered . devil of the most common locations for self-management programs are hospitals and dwelling-based environment (Barlow 2002 ,.178 The advantages of each approach is not clear . Zarnke et al compared patient-directed hypertension management strategy with frequent office-based care and put that although patient-directed management achieved better BP control , it was associated with more frequent medical student visits than the office-based management (1997 ,.58 . The choice where the interventions are conducted appear to be affected by a number of factors which include the use of medical equipment and other resources , the availability of qualified trainers and health professionals and the type of target population such as in-patients out-patients in rehabilitation centers , and station-based patients According to Barlow , hospitals , stead environment , school , work site home for the psychiatric pati ents , primary care , research and rehabilitation cen! tres were among those report in self-management studies (2002 ,.1787 .2 .3 Self-management tutorsThe arena of self-management tutors also varied from health care professionals to trained lay tutors with chronic condition . Tutors reported in the studies round offed by Barlow include victualsicians /nutritionists , doctors , educators , nurses , occupational therapists , pharmacists , physiotherapists /physical therapist psychologists , researchers /social scientists , social workers , and livery and language therapists (2002 , p179 . The complexity of the interventions and the level of medical background and specialism necessary in formulating the interventions influences the type of tutors indispensable to deliver the interventions . A hire by Scholz et al . which evaluated the long effects of a self-management intervention on the physical natural process and depressive symptoms in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation used interventions which are positive(p) by physi cians (2006 ,.3111 . In contrast , Fu et al , conducted a qualitative evaluation of chronic disease management program led by lay persons who were trained at helping participants develop a ordinate of skills and confidence to deal more in effect with their chronic conditions (2006 br.3907 .2 .4 Mode and formatThere were also several approaches in the way the mode and the format of self-management interventions were carried out . Self-management approaches were either done in sorts , in single individual or in deepen of both . The mode of how the self-management interventions were delivered influenced the form of the interventions that were precondition such as in the form of lectures , role spiel , booklets and manuals . Gebert et al compared the use of family-oriented clinical teach program against constant medical treatment based on international practice guidelines for efficacy in the treatment of bronchial asthma attack attack . The learn include health training lec tures , interactive learning , video films practical ! utilisations , and roleplay . cordial activities were done including a field move around and a ships company , while physiotherapy and sports (swimming ) were also integrated into the course (Gebert et al . 1998 ,.2157 .2 .5 ContentA review by Barlow et al on the self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions recognized that there is diverse range of portions in these self-management interventions such as pain and bear management , relaxation and internal respiration crops , self-monitoring and sleep management . Barlow assort these components as (1 )health information for health promotion and education (2 ) music management for interventions focused on improving medicinal sexually transmitted disease compliance (3 )symptom management such as emergency treatment (4 ) mental management like disease bridal , animosity and breed therapy (5 )lifestyle modifications such as answer , nutritional diet and vacant activities (6 )social lose and (7 )communi cation (2002 ,.1807 .3 Components of Self-ManagementThe content of self-management interventions can be classified into unadorned components as previously described . Most of their interventions are move on social , cognitive , and behavioral theories during their development . consequently , the contents of each intervention is based on what type of component of self-management the intervention aims to achieve whether it symptom management , lifestyle modification or any other component for that matterp 7 .3 .1 Health InformationThis component of self-management includes interventions aimed at analyzing and improving the patient s and their carer s understanding about the condition and its treatment . This approach utilizes the tenets of self-efficacy conjecture where the content is based around providing the participants with information from a coaxing and thinkable source . A study illustrated the importance of this intervention in the assessment of the control of cardiovas cular risk factors (CVRF ) in patients with stroke . ! The results showed that the control is not optimal and is inversely related to the patient s awareness and knowledge if the condition (Croquelois Bogousslavsky , 2006 ,.726 . The results further intimate that older patients and patients with excellent recovery are at particular risk because for poor awareness and CVRF control . This lack of awareness of the facts about their condition lead to the lack of self-efficacy in these patients based on the poor control of the risk factors for stroke . Since self-management is reinforced around the behavioral change as a result of constitute self-efficacy , this intervention of providing information to patients and carers is essential for any self-management program7 .3 .2 drug ManagementComponents of self-management approaches which focus primarily with drugs obviously need to be disease-specific as drugs have very specific indications . so , drug interventions for a particular chronic condition may not be applicable to other condition s . Nevertheless , the rationale arse self-management interventions for drug management is basically the same , which is to provide an alternative from the constituted managementGebert et al . compared the efficacy of drug management interventions against regular treatment in a population of children with asthma . The children and their family were enrolled in a five-day regulate family-oriented clinical asthma learning program which included a field trip to practice the children in victorious their medicine in public (1998 br.215 . This was designed to em force the children to take responsibility for their condition in daily life activities . The results showed that the children who underwent self-management training benefit most with respect to active asthma self-management than the children in the control root word . Although there were other self-management components other than drug management , the empowerment of the children to take their own medicine with suitable gui dance may have played a remarkable factor in the out! come . Another study compared also compared drug management intervention against conventional drug therapy . Christensen et al . evaluated the efficacy and safety of self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy for patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy using a magisterial review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with highly selected patients and compared self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy with conventional treatment (2006 ,.1 . The results showed that subsequently considering all trials , self-management was frame to be associated with a subside risk of death and major complications . These studies demonstrated that self-management interventions provide additional advantages than the regular medical treatment of chronic conditions such as asthma7 .3 .3 Symptom managementSymptom management includes several interventions which focus on emergency treatment especially in asthma and prevention of symptoms such as breathing problems and mana gement of cognitive symptoms using optic image , distraction , guided imagery . Interventions on fatigue management , relaxation , sleeping management , pain management and self monitoring are included in this course of instruction (Barlow et al 2002 ,.180 Symptom management plays is an important self-management intervention because is saves the patient from uncalled-for hospital visits or undue worries on symptoms which may be easily treated and managed . On the other hand , symptom management interventions may also rescue patients from potentially fatal acute symptoms which needs to be remedied immediately otherwise any delay of treatment may lead to permanent disability or even death . A study by Ghosh et al . on the decrease of hospital use by self management training for chronic asthmatics assessed the advert of such asthma training on the health status and resource use of patients with chronic asthma (1998 ,.1087 . The study used a control gathering of patients who r eceived the usual treatment for asthma , which includ! ed administration of bronchodilator drugs (orally or by inhalers and refuge anti-inflammatory drug drugs . patients in the intervention group , however , received asthma self-management training in addition to the regular treatment . The training included sessions where patients were trained to adjust the dose of the treatment rapidly , appropriately and safely depending on the bad of the disease . The assessment of severity was aided by instructions on how to decent interpret peak flow tenderness . From on PEFR measurements , asthmatic episodes were graded as mild , domesticate and severe . later on detailed and demonstration of the chemical formula range of PEFR and the significance of its variations , patients were given precise written instructions regarding drug administration depending on the severity of attack as judged by PEFR measurements based on accepted guidelines for the management of asthma in adults . The results showed statistically epoch-making improvemen t of health outcome measures in the intervention group in relation to the control group .
The effects of the intervention on resource use measures were also generally statistically hearty since the intervention group had a 53 .2 reducing in days hospitalized general , and the likelihood of a patient having any hospitalization was decrease to about 26 . furthermore , among patients hospitalized , the average length in hospital stay for patients in the intervention group was solely 22 days compared to 38 days for the control group . The intervention group also experienced a 46 .7 reduction in emergency room visits while their likelihood of having any emergency visits! disappear by 14 . make up analysis of direct and collateral costs indicated that the intervention group incurred 48 less corroboratory costs while the direct costs were 16 lower compared to the control group (Ghosh et al .1998 br.1091 . This study illustrates that self-management not only relieves patient of the burden of morbidity from their condition but also help reduce the cost of their illness7 .3 .4 Management of psychological symptomsPsychological symptom management helps patients through their filter out anger , and in transaction with falloff and emotions , and disease acceptance . A comparative study found a alike high incidence of stamp aft(prenominal) stroke and myocardial infarction during the first year (Aben et al 2003 ,.581 . Studies have also shown that depression is a crucial predictor of impaired psychological and operating(a) QOL which emphasizes the importance of psychological interventions in self-management programs (Jaracz et al . 2002 ,.219 Pohjas vaara et al 2001 ,.315 . Therefore it is necessary for self-management interventions to call this symptom in patients with these chronic conditions . Scholz et al studied the long-term effects of self-management interventions on the physical operation and depressive symptoms aft(prenominal) cardiac rehabilitation (2006 ,.3109 . The interventions included guided exercise sessions for at least(prenominal) three to four times a week , such as bicycle ergometer training or power walking , with intensity levels individualized as prescribed by a physician . After being pink-slipped , the patients were sensible to engage in long-term exercise sympathetic to the exercise intensity level during rehabilitation The results showed that there was as reduction of depressive symptoms and that comprehend progress of exercise goals , but not physical exercise itself , emerged as a mediator between the intervention and favorable treatment outcome . The rationale behind this effect was sugges ted to be secondary to the association of goal attain! ment and depressive symptoms . perceived failures in goal attainment are often related to depressive symptoms and negative affect (Carver Scheier 1990 as cited by Scholz et al 2006 ,.3110 . conversely , the success in goal attainment has been jibe to subject well-being or to the absence of depressive symptoms (Brunstein 1993 as cited by Scholz et al 2006 ,.3110 . The investigators concluded that since the attainment of personal goals appeared to be play a significant role in lowering depressive symptoms during health-behavior change , thus , self-management strategies to help patients attain their goals should be part of rehabilitation programs (Scholz et al . 2006 ,.31097 .3 .5 Life style interventionsAside from the positive effect of exercise on depressive symptoms , there are other goals in maintaining a good exercise regimen and other healthy life style adjustments . Rimmer et al studied the effects of short-term health promotions interventions in stroke survivors by using a h ealth program which consisted of fitness instruction and exercise , nutrition education , and health behavior changes (2000 ,.333 . The results showed that the treatment group showed significant gains over the control group in terms of reducedfitness , change magnitudestrength , increase flexibility , increased life satisfaction and ability to manageself-care needs , and decreased social isolation . The challenge in introducing life style interventions not only includes overcoming barriers to exercise and diet adherence but also getting rid of unhealthy habits smoke and drinking . provided , as shown by Rimmer et al , the outcome is expense it7 .3 .6 mixer reliefIt has been recognized that stroke has a significant impact on patients as well as to their carers . In the unify demesne , services such as Stroke standoff familysupport have been developed to provide information and emotional support along with other services (Mant et al .2006 ,.1006 . The service maintains see b y home and hospital visits and telephone calls . A st! udy on the effects of the family support showed that the service was associated with significantly modify feeling of life ofcarers at follow up cardinal months after the stroke (Mant , Carter walk 2000 ,p .808However , there were no significant effects on patients even on follow up studies (Mant et al .2006 ,.1006 . The investigators concluded that family support is effective for carers , but different approaches in some manner need to be considered to remedy the psychosocial problems of stroke patients (Mant et al .2006 ,.1006 . interestingly , van Heuvel et al found no significant effects on caregivers both through group program and home visits (2000 ,.109 . Even interventions on perceived self efficacy only have minimal effects . This implies that more studies on social support intervention programs are needed to improve the psychological support for patients and theirs carers7 .3 .7 CommunicationAccording to Barlow et al , self-management programs also include interventions which focus on improving patient s self-assertiveness and communication strategies such as talking with doctors (2002 ,.180 . It has been shown that stroke patients rehabilitating in nursing homes experience an increase in their autonomy , peculiarly in self-determination , emancipation and self-care during the last weeks before set down (Proot et al . 2000 ,.275 . The change in autonomy was found to be related to regained abilities and self-confidence , and to patients strategies such as taking world-class and being assertive . It is thusly helpful that lines of communication between patients and health care professionals during rehabilitation should be maintain beyond the patient s discharge to find a smooth variation as the patients regains autonomySummaryStroke is one of the leading cause of death in the UK and the largest single cause of severe disability . Self-management offers to alleviate the burden of stroke on the health care systems and on the society by giving stroke survivors the ability to manage the symptoms ,! treatment physical and psychosocial consequences , and lifestyle changes which are inherent to living with a chronic condition . However , despite the abundance of self-management programs for chronic conditions , there is a paucity of studies on the utility of interventions chase stroke Fortunately , there is strong evidence to support the use of self-management course of studys and their effect on self-efficacy and associated health outcomes for stroke survivors (Jones 2006 ,.841 Although there certainly are some differences in the nature of each chronic condition , there are also similarities in the core competencies required for self-management . indeed , many effective strategies for other chronic conditions could be integrated into stroke targeted self-management interventions . Additional studies , however , are necessary to look into the efficacy and safety of these interventionsReferencesAben , I , Verhey , F , Strik , J , Lousberg , R , Lodder , J Honig , A 2003 , A comparativestudy into the one year accumulative incidence of depression after stroke and myocardial infarction , ledger of neurology , Neurosurgery and abnormal psychology , vol .74 , pp .581-585Barlow , J , Wright C , Sheasby , J , Turner , A Hainsworth , J 2002 Self-management forPeople with chronic conditions : a review , persevering preparation and hashish outvol .48 , pp .177-187Boyle , R 2006 , Improving stroke services : stroke programme update No 1 - June 2006The Department of Health , retrieved October 14 , 2006 fromhttp / entanglement .dh .gov .uk /PolicyAndGuidance /HealthAndSocialCares /Stroke StrokeArticle /fs /en ?CONTENT_ID 4136770 chk NFF 2BZIBenight , CC Bandura , A 2004 , A Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recoverythe roleof perceived self-efficacy . Behaviour interrogation and Therapy vol .42 , pp .1129-1148Christensen , TD , Johnsen , SP , Hjortdal , VE Hasenkam , JM n .d Self-management oforal anticoagulant therapy : A systematic review and meta- analysis global ledger of CardiologyCroquelois , A ! Bogousslavsky , J , 2006 , pretend awareness and knowledge of patients withstroke : results of a questionnaire survey 3 months after stroke , daybook of Neurology , Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , vol .77 , pp .726-728Deakin , T , Welschen , LMC , Nijpels , G Singh , D 2006 , Self-management programmesfor older people may help reduce blood push , Evidence-based Cardiovascular Medicine , vol .10 , pp .52-55Fu , D , prick , Y , McGowan ,Fu , H 2006 , Qualitative evaluation of chronic diseaseself management program (cdsmp ) in shanghai , Patient reproduction and advise , vol .61 , pp .389-396Gebert , N , Hummelink , R , Konning , J , Staab , D , Schmidt , S , Szczepanski R , Runde , BWahn , U 1998 , talent of a self-management program for childhood asthma-A prospective controlled study , Patient Education and Counseling vol .35 , pp . 213-220Ghosh , Cs , Ravindran ,, Joshi , M Stearns , Sc 1998 , Reductions in hospital use fromSelf-management training for chronic asthmatics , Soci al learning Medicine , vol .46 , no .8 , pp .1087-1093Grey , M , Knafl , K McCorkle , R 2006 , A framework for the study of self- and familymanagement of chronic conditions , treat Outlook , vol .54 , pp .278-286Hacke , W , Kaste , M , Olsen , TS , Orgogozo , JM Bogousslavsky 2000 European StrokeInitiative (EUSI ) recommendations for stroke management : The European stroke initiative writing committee , European Journal of Neurology vol .7 , pp .607-623Jaracz , K , Jaracz , J , Kozubski , W Rybakowski , JK 2002 , Post-stroke theatrical role of life anddepression , Acta Neuropsychiatrica , vol .14 , pp .219-225Kostanjsek , N 2004 International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health(ICF : Overview of teh ICF framework and its utility for disability statisticsMant J , Carter J , Wade DT , et al 2000 , Family support for stroke : a randomisedcontrolled trial . fizgig , vol .356 ,808-813Mant , J , Winner , S , Roche , J Wade , DT 2005 , Family support for stroke one year follow up of a randomised controlled trial . Journal! of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , vol .76 , pp .1006-1008Pohjasvaara , T , Vataja , R , Leppavuori , A , Kaste , M and Erkinjuntti , T 2001 , Depressionis an independent predictor of poor long-term functional outcome post-stroke , European Journal of Neurology 2001 , vol .8 , 315-319Proot , IM , Crebolder , HFJM , Abu-Saad , HH , Macord , HGM Meulen , Ruud HJT2000 , Stroke patients needs and experiences regarding autonomy at discharge from nursing home , Patient Education and Counseling , vol . 41 pp .275-283Rimmer , JH , Braunschweig , C , Silverman , K , Riley , B , Creviston , T Nicola , T 2000Effects of a short-term health promotion intervention for a predominantly african-american group of stroke survivors , American Journal of Preventive Medicine , vol .18 , no .4 , pp .332-338Scholz , U , Knoll , N , Sniehotta ,FF Schwarzer , R 2006 , Physical activity anddepressive symptoms in cardiac rehabilitation : Long-term effects of a self-management intervention , Social Sc ience Medicine , vol .62 pp .3109-3120Sol , BGM , van der Graaf , Y , van der Bijl , JJ , Goessens , NBG Visseren FLJ 2006Self-efficacy in patients with clinical manifestations of vascular diseases Patient Education and Counseling , vol .61 , pp .443-448 Stroke n .d , The Department of Health , retrieved October 14 , 2006 fromhttp /www .dh .gov .uk /PolicyAndGuidance /HealthAndSocialCares /Stroke fs /enTruelsen , T , Piechowski-Jo ?z ?wiak , B , Bonitaa , R , Mathersa , C Bogousslavsky , JBoysend , G 2006 , Stroke incidence and prevalence in Europe : a review of available data , European Journal or Neurology , vol .13 , pp .581-598Van den Heuvel , ETP , De Witte , LP , Nooyen-Haazen , I , Sanderman , R Meyboom-deJong , B 2000 , Short-term effects of a group support program and an individual support program for caregivers of stroke patients , Patient Education and Counseling , vol .40 , pp .109-120Wolfe , CDA , Rudd , AG , Howard , R , Coshall , C , Stewart , J , Lawrence , E Hajat , CHillen , T 2002 , Incidence and case fatality rate! s of stroke subtypes in amultiethnic population : the South London Stroke Register , Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , vol .72 , pp .211-216Zarnke , KB , Feagan , BG , Mahon , JL Feldman , RD 1997 , A randomized studycomparing a patient-directed hypertension management strategy with usual office-based care , American Journal of Hypertension , vol .10 , pp .58-67PAGEPAGE 20 ...If you wish to get a full essay, order it on our website:
OrderCustomPaper.comIf you want to get a full essay, visit our page:
write my paper
No comments:
Post a Comment