Rethinking Our World

Rethinking our arena Linguistic analysis * Claims that almost exclusively philosophical problems coffin nail be dispensed with once their underlying linguistic basis is exposed * No matter how hard we try to solve a problem we fail, therefore we are dealing with a false problem/ centerless find out of words * 2 British philosophers = Bertrand Russell & angstrom AJ Ayer * Focused on logic, linguistic meaning & axerophthol verifiable facts Help us do * weigh more clearly * Be precise in what we mean * disfigurement hidden assumptions & vitamin A dishonesty in all forms of propaganda digestt ch international axerophtholereion us with * Moral problems * Life choices * Facing own deathrate Seeing the population we love suffer * Our own suffering synthetic symbolism & vitamin A argument * Arrive at the basic structure of truth * Process is facilitated by representing objects & relationships symbolically * Any record that is truthful/false by definition can be evince in form of symbolic logic Empiricism * Gained by dint of conventional 5 senses(seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting) gives us our most reliable form of information * pertain with establishing the truth by means of scientific testing * Searching for accusative truth * Linguistic analysis, ratiocinative symbolism & empiricism = logical mpiricism preempt help us * Understand how our physical world operates * canvass truth of certain(a) claims * Refute what is false * Respect natural laws of the universe * Learn from experience Failings * Places in like homophilener much emphasis on science * Ignores human values * Views human beings as machines * Tend to ignore anything that cant be explained scientifically * Confines truths to that which can be experiences through senses deprecative Rationalism * Encourage questioning & devote-mindedness * Socrates, 470-399 BC * dispute existing ideas & beliefs by questioning them * Essential for the future of true democrac y Emphasis that scientists must be objective * Completely against societies where peck cant speak their minds freely & discuss things openly * Focuses on avoiding falsity Help us to do * Question what people in authority tell us * Be more open to what other people think * Examine our own opinions more guardedly * Be more tolerant & understanding * influence problems Cant help us to do * Make quik decisions * Find meaning of look * Can cast us feel insecure * Solve problem of suffering Types of false argument * Name-calling * False cause & effect Falsely representing an opinion in order to discredit it * woo to emotion * Falsely claiming that, because a point of cod is popular, it must be true Existentialism * What is meaning of life? * Modern believe that our responsibility is to decide for ourselves what life is about Can help us to do * Question other peoples ideas & values * Be more open about ourselves * Trust our instincts * Spot fakes * Enjoy life more Faili ngs * Too trusting * Can be confusing * whitethorn lead to despair * May leave us feeling at sea & angry * May be seriously disruptive nihilism * Philosophy of nothing No purpose in life = redundance of time * Can lead to violence & chaos, but in addition free people who have grown up in very repressive religious environments African ism * Holistic philosophy which shares certain ideas with Buddhism philosophy it stresses the importance of human community & communitys place in the initiation * Claims that satisfaction at least partly consists of living for others, supporting each other * Its an anti-materialistic philosophy Can do * Build communities * Encourage human beings to be more change * Give deeper understanding of ourselves * Help us appreciate mystery critique need for tradition in human life Cant help us do * Doesnt challenge power structures * unavailing to accept women as mens equals * Doesnt encourage hypercritical thinking * Tends to ignore needs of several(prenominal) person * Tolerates cruel irrational practices System theory * Sees things as a whole rather than splitting things into pliberal arts & encourages us to keep the objective of a trunk in mind The enneagram & Human person-to-personity 1. Reformer 2. confederate 3. Movie star 4. Individualist 5. Scientist 6. Loyal supporter 7. Pleasure-seeker 8. Achiever 9. pacifier Critical theory Most famous version = Maxism wants to abolish all inequalities of wealth & all social inequalities Influences * Maxism * Feminism * Black chastises movements * postmodernist thinking * Socialism Help us do * Realistically esteem power * Identify those who have power & those who dont * Identify weaknesses in existing power relations * Define own, personal power & weaknesses * Re-examine our priorities * Re-assess our lives Fails * Become fanatical * or sotimes too simplistic in its analysis of power * Too idealistic * lend to despair & violence * Ignore hum an emotions & desires * in truth grim philosophyReligious Leaders & social criticism * Buddha- Buddhism search for humanity using, primarily powers of the mind Path consists of * refine thinking * right perspective * right means of earning a living * right conduct * right views * right speaking * right effort * right concentration * Moses on a call for social justice under the One God. * Mohammed visual sense of society was of all humankind united under Allah * Jesus of Nazareth extreme criticism of oppressive social & economic structures & His resolute focus on what He called The Kingdom of God * Karl Marx stood for hope & better tomorrowFeminism * Sexual stereotyping * Creating bigger place for women in the world * Rejecting view that women are inferior to men Type of feminism * Critical rasionalism questions traditions * Critical theory challenges all forms of power * Empiricism asks us to look at reality objectively & social reality * African philosophy attempts to decolonise the efforts of domination by white males * Logical empiricism feminism precisely define problems women face Claims * Women people in own right * Women should reject mens definitions of what makes a women valuable * Not make defensive claims to equality with men Womens happiness doesnt search on having a romantic/marital relationship with a man * Have right to pronounce an abortion men dont induce pregnant & bear children Phenomenology * Look at things & ourselves as they really are * Believes theories about themselves, life & Universe can be very misleading lead to falsehood & deep unhappiness * Promote religious belief * Confront ourselves in all our ambiguity & complexity & thus bum around nearer to real me * Encourages us to resist power structures by a process of retreat & non-engagement rather than confrontation Hermeneutics * classical interpretations Similar to existentialism * capture imaginaryy & symbolism seriously * C laims that arts & crafts are important in human life * Believes happiness is linked to our own creativity in whatever form thet takes * Encourages us to be poets, writers, authors, actors, painters, designers Main ideas * Emphasis the importance of listening & observant * Claims that individuals life-experience influences the way he/she understands world * Affirms importance of talk in arriving at an understanding of any issue * Is anti-authoritorian & encourages the individual to create his/her own meaning & understandingHelp us do * construct meaning * Discover own hidden artistic abilities * Resist scientific arrogance & domination * Understand each other * Be more tolerant of each other Cant help us with * Define problems * Overcome injustice * Be decisive * Take action * Be more logical Modernism * Science, reason & technology will fix it all Postmodernism * Doesnt believe in definitions Examines following aspects of human condition * Way in which we see our selves * failure of science to solve many problems Fact that reason may not be a good guide to solving certain problems * causation of large, modern institutions over individual * Need to experience all our emotions to the luxuriant * Our inner needs * Mental anguish & illness * Where we get our standards of right/wrong * Trust these standards * Criminality & delinquency * applied science is morally neutral Methods of enquiry in philosophy * Phenomenology who are we? * Hermeneutics symbols & images speak to us * Empiricism what is actually going on * Some forms of feminism who says the male is the norm?