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Utilitarianism Aspects Of Theory EssayUtilitarianism Bentham Hedonic Calculus BENTHAM WAS A HEDONIST HE BELIEVED THAT joyfulness IS peachy IN ITSELF, AND OTHER THINGS ARE GOOD IN SO FAR AS THEY BRING more or less PLEASURE AND THE ABSENCE OF distressingness. NATURE HAS PLACED MANKIND UNDER THE GOVERNANCE OF TWO SOVEREIGN MASTERS, PAIN AND PLEASURE. YOU COULD WORK OUT WHICH toyION TO PERFORM BY CALCULATING WHICH OPTION BROUGHT ABOUT THE GREATEST sum up OF PLEASURE Duration how long does the pleasure last? Remoteness how distant is the pleasure? Purity how loose from pain is it? Richness will it lead to other pleasures?Intensity how powerful is the pleasure Certainty how apt(predicate) is it that pleasure will result? EXTENT HOW MANY PEOPLE allow for EXPERIENCE PLEASURE? Utilitarianism commandment of Utility THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTION IS THE ONE THAT BRINGS ABOUT THE GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER. THIS IS THE ruler OF UTILITY, ON WHICH ALL FORMS OF UTIL ITARIANISM are based. Utility means usefulness, that property in ANY OBJECT, WHEREBY IT TENDS TO PRODUCE BENEFIT, ADVANTAGE, PLEASURE, GOOD, OR felicity. BENTHAM was clear that every persons pleasure had equal VALUE EACH TO COUNT FOR ONE, AND none FOR MORE THAN ONE. UTILITARIANS DIFFER IN WHAT THEY CONSIDER INTRINSICALLY VALUABLE OR GOOD (PLEASURE, HAPPINESS, FULFILLMENT OF PREFERENCES), unless AGREE THAT WE OUGHT TO BRING ABOUT AS MUCH GOOD AS POSSIBLE.Utilitarianism Act Utilitarianism BENTHAM IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO entertain BEEN AN ACT UTILITARIAN HE WOULD JUDGE EACH home DIFFERENTLY, DOING THAT ACTION THAT LED TO THE GREATEST GOOD. ACT UTILITARIANISM IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE PUREST FORMS OF UTILITARIANISM, AS IT ALLOWS THE INDIVIDUAL COMPLETE FREEDOM TO CHOOSE WHATEVER LEADS TO THE greater good.Bentham did talk close a rule of thumb, saying WE COULD BE GUIDED BY SIMILAR CASES IN THE early(prenominal) RATHER THAN DOING A COMPLETE CALCULATION IN E very NEW SITUATION. HO WEVER, THIS WAS JUST TO HELP, AND IF THE CURRENT SITUATION REQUIRES A DIFFERENT RESOLUTION, YOU SHOULD BE FREE TO ACT IN WHATEVER WAY BRINGS ABOUT THE GREATER GOOD. Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism rule UTILITARIANS RECOGNISE THAT WE NEED RULES TO LIVE BY. PUT AnotHER WAY, A ordering WITHOUT RULES WOULD NOT BE AS HAPPY AS ONE WITH RULES.AS SUCH, A RULE UTILITARIAN WILL CHOOSE RULES THAT TEND TO LEAD TO THE GREATER GOOD. THESE RULES ARE NOT ABSOLUTE, AS THEY ARE MADE AND CHANGED harmonise TO THE GREATER GOOD FOR EXAMPLE, SPEED LIMITS HAVE BEEN REGULARLY CHANGED FOR PRAGMATIC primer coatS. HOWEVER, WHEN A RULE IS IN FORCE, IT must BE FOLLOWED. STRONG RULE UTILITARIANS WOULD NEVER BREAK THE RULES. WEAK RULE UTILITARIANS, LIKE MILL, WOULD BREAK THE RULES IN EMERGENCIES TO SAVE A LIFE, IT MAY NOT yet BE ALLOWABLE, BUT A DUTY, TO STEAL, OR usurp BY FORCE, THE NECESSARY FOOD OR MEDICINE. Utilitarianism Mill, Higher pleasures MILL BELIEVED THAT IT WASNT JUST THE QUANTITY OF PLEASUR E THAT MATTERED, IT WAS THE QUALITY. BETTER TO be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied Socrates DISSATISFIED THAN A FOOL SATISFIED. HE INTRODUCED THE IDEA OF HIGHER PLEASURES. MANY THINK OF THIS AS SIMPLY skilful PLEASURE COUNTING FOR MORE THAN PHYSICAL PLEASURE. HOWEVER, MILL USED ARISTOTLES CONCEPT OF eudaimonia or a fulfilled life. A combination of a VARIETY OF DIFFERENT PLEASURES COULD LEAD TO HAPPINESS. Mill talked of commensurate judges On a question which is the best worth having of two pleasures, the judgment of those who are hooked by knowledge of BOTH MUST BE ADMITTED AS FINAL. Utilitarianism Singer, Preferences PETER SINGER IS THE BEST know UTILITARIAN ALIVE TODAY. He realised that people dont always choose HAPPINESS ID RATHER KNOW THE TRUTH, EVEN IF IT hurts . The greater good means fulfilling the GREATEST bill OF PREFERENCES. THIS MAY NOT MEAN THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PREFERENCES FOR EXAMPLE, GAY MEN HAVE A VERY STRONG PREFERENCE TO GET MARRIED WHICH MIGHT OUTWE IGH A GREATER NUMBER OF opponent VIEWS FROM PEOPLE AFFECTED LESS SIGNIFICANTLY.NON- HUMAN ANIMALS THAT DO NOT HAVE PREFERENCES STILL HAVE INTERESTS, WHICH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. SINGER CAMPAIGNS AGAINST FACTORY-FARMING, AND ARGUES THAT WE SHOULD GIVE MUCH MORE MONEY TO HELP THE VERY POOR. Utilitarianism Consequentialism UTILITARIANISM IS TELEOLOGICAL IT IS THE END OR PURPOSE OF AN ACTION THAT MAKES IT RIGHT OR WRONG. SPECIFICALLY, THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTION IS THE ONE THAT LEADS TO THE BEST CONSEQUENCES. THIS message THAT UTILITARIANS HAVE TO LOOK BEYOND THE ACT ITSELF. MODERN UTILITARIANS LIKE.SINGER HAVE MADE CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS SUGGESTING THAT zooerasty MAY BE ACCEPTABLE (SEX WITH ANIMALS), OR INCEST (SEX BETWEEN SAY A BROTHER AND SISTER) USING CONTRACEPTION. HE ARGUED THAT IT SHOULD BE ALL RIGHT TO KILL A NEW BORN BABY IF IT HAD SEVERE DISABILITIES. THE REASON FOR THESE UNUSUAL ASSERTIONS IS THAT UTILITARIANS ARE ONLY INTERESTED IN THE OUTCOME OF AN ACT, REGARDLESS OF WHA T THE ACT ITSELF IS. Utilitarianism Mill, Harm rationale and rights MILL WROTE A BOOK ABOUT FREEDOM, ON LIBERTY, AND ARGUED THAT AN ESSENTIAL PART OF A HAPPY SOCIETY WAS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM.OVER HIMSELF, OVER HIS OWN BODY AND MIND, THE INDIVIDUAL IS SOVEREIGN. MILL INTRODUCED THE HARM PRINCIPLE, WHICH verbalize THAT AS LONG AS YOU didnt harm anyone else, you should be able to do as YOU CHOOSE. THE ONLY PURPOSE FOR WHICH POWER CAN BE rightfully exercised over any member of a train community, against his will, is to prevent harm to OTHERS. THIS IS LIKE ARTICLE 1 OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. MANY RULE UTILITARIANS DERIVE OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY, INCLUDING NOT BEING SLAVES, TORTURED ETC.