Assignment on Ethics in Bangladesh

Introduction Ethics concern an singles clean judgements ab erupt secure and wrong. Decisions taken within an organisation may be made by individuals or groups, but whoever makes them will be influenced by the culture of the company. The finding to be befuddle ethic every(prenominal)y is a moral one employees must mold what they think is the right course of action. This may take rejecting the route that would carry to the biggest short-term profit. Ethical behaviour and unified fond responsibility mass bring significant benefits to a bloodline.Business morality ( in like manner corporate ethics) is a phase of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical hassles that arise in a affair sector environment. It applies to all aspects of cable conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. The range and measure of craft ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-maximizing behavior w ith non-economic concerns. Governments use honors and regulations to tailor business behavior in what they perceive to be beneficial directions.Ethics implicitly regulates aras and details of behavior that lie beyond governmental control. The emergence of vauntingly corporations with limited relationships and sensitivity to the communities in which they operate accelerated the development of semi-formal ethics regimes. When business people speak about business ethics they usually mean following things (1) avoid breaking the criminal law in ones work-related activity (2) avoid action that may solvent in civil law suits against the company and (3) avoid actions that be bad for the company image.Businesses be especially concerned with these three things since they involve loss of money and company reputation. In theory, a business could engineer these three concerns by assigning corporate attorneys and earth relations experts to bodyguard employees on their daily activities. Anytime an employee might stray from the straight and narrow caterpillar tread of acceptable conduct, the experts would guide him back. Obviously this solution would be a financial disaster if carried out in practice since it would address a business more in attorney and public relations fees than they would save from proper employee conduct.Perhaps reluctantly, businesses turn to philosophers to instruct employees on becoming moral. For over 2,000 years philosophers have systematically addressed the issue of right and wrong conduct. Presumably, then, philosophers can inform employees a basic take careing of morality will keep them out of trouble. However, it is non likely that philosophers can teach anyone to be ethical. The job of breeding morality rests squarely on the shoulders of parents and ones early social environment.By the time philosophers enter the picture, it is too late to change the moral predispositions of an adult. Also, yet if philosophers could teach mo rality, their recommendations are not al ways the most financially efficient. Although macrocosm moral may save a company from some efficacious and public relations nightmares, morality in business is also costly. A morally responsible company must pay special attending to product safety, environmental impact, truthful advertising, scrupulous marketing, and humane working conditions.This may be more than a tight-budgeted business bargained for. We cannot easily resolve this latent hostility between the ethical cheers of the money-minded businessperson and the nonpareil-minded philosopher. In most issues of business ethics, ideal moral principles will be checked by economic viability. To understand what is at stake, we will look at three different ways of deriving standards of business ethics. Common Unethical Practices in Business &038 pecuniary Sectors In Bangladesh 1. Bribe Taking sully is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh, especially in the government sector.It is the most common form of putrefaction k right offn to most people. If someone goes to a government office for a routine work, which the office is supposed to perform, in most cases, he/she has to bribe the sub-staffs of that office. And if at that place is any severe procedural difficulty in the work, he/she has to pay a uplifted amount to get the job done. sometimes wrongful procedures are also executed at a high negotiated bribe. Obviously, not only the sub-staffs but also the officers of different levels are also involved in the whole edge.Taking bribe has become a effort in the government offices and general people have accepted it as inevitable. 2. Embezzlement of Funds Embezzlement of memory boards allocated for a particular pop or from deposits of banks also happens often in Bangladesh. In the banking sector, embezzling money is a very common type of corruption. Each year many bankers escape their job if their corruption is proved. Massive embezzlement of capital market fund has also happened in the history of Bangladesh.Fraud &038 forgery in using the funds allocated for development stands is also common in Bangladesh. By using modest materials then what was quoted in the tender process, contractors maximize their profits &038 serve the interest of the corrupted officers. As a result of using inferior materials the project loses its validity soon, which makes inevitable to launch an new(prenominal)(prenominal) tender process i. e. , anformer(a) scope for corruption in this way corruption has become a cyclic phenomenon in Bangladesh. 3. Syndication in BusinessSyndication in the business sector is harming the public interest in Bangladesh to a great extent. Originally, syndications like trade unions, officers club, business unions etc. were formed to save the interest of their members from greater adversities. But this syndication is now also being used to overemphasize business interest, while not considering its harmful consequences on public life. A businessman, even if his production cost &038 other costs are much less than other businessmen, cannot betray his products at a bell significantly lower than his competitors.While in other countries, festivals are meant to give sales discount, in Bangladesh, commodities reach their peak price in times of festivals like eid &038 others. 4. Environmental Issues Saving the environment from pollution is a great challenge worldwide. The requirement of effluent treatment plants(ETP) and other measures to control industrial environmental pollution causes the production cost to rise. So business persons in Bangladesh, highly motivated by profit maximisation theory, do not care the environmental issues. At many industries there are ETPs scantily for eyewash.And bribing the government officials concerned for environmental issues makes it easier for business persons to get more reluctant about the environmental issues. 5. Unethical procurement Practices Unethical practice in selecting ve ndor from procurement process is other common corruption form in Bangladesh. Sometimes political forces are applied to get the work order in favor of a particular vendor. Taking bribe to manipulate the result of procurement process also prevails. Corruption in the procurement process is also foot of many other consequent corruptions. 6. NepotismNepotism &038 taking bribe in the recruitment process of many government &038 private organizations is a great problem in a country like Bangladesh where unemployment rate is very high. These problems are leaving the young generation in despair. As a result different forms of crimes are increasing in the society. 7. Evading Tax, Utility Bills etc. Evading revenue is a tendency in general, from corporate organizational level to individual level. Many corporate organizations prepare false spreadsheets to evade/minimize corporate taxes, whereas individuals seek ways to evade/minimize their income tax.Not paying the utility bill and then mana ging it by bribing staffs of concerned offices, is also common in Bangladesh. polish Ethical practice in economic arena is very beta in a country like Bangladesh, where economy is emerging at one side and on the other side population concentration is increasing. Massive unethical practices tend to increase inequality in the society, which is hurtful to the overall progress of the society. Ethics is no doubt an classical business subject for any entrepreneur to study, but it also has a wider use throughout organizations.One mans concept of what is ethical and for the best may be exclusively different from another mans concept, and so its important to establish a bodied set of ethics that represent the entire organization rather than just adopting a piecemeal approach. This can be installed through training, through creating business policies and even through careful selection at the HR stage, although its important that there are also enforcement mechanisms within the busines s concerned, and that ethics stick a forefront consideration in day-to-day trade to suss out a unified, morally sound approach to doing business.

Shutter Island Scene Reviews and Diagnosis

Psychological disease Grandiose and Persecutory Delusional Disorder mental picture title Shutter Island Movie rating 3. 5/5 Character name Teddy Daniels (Aka. Andrew Laeddis) fakes name Leonardo DiCaprio Andrew Laeddis married woman went insane and drowned their children, so he gobble up her.He feels faulty slightly neglecting to get his wife help, which could have salve their children, and guilty ab by killing her as well the two of these fetch up heavily on his conscience, so much so that he creates an alternate character (Teddy Daniels) to get away from the terrible reality that is his life. I will refer to him as Teddy throughout my character diagnosis. ikon one Teddy experiences a nightmare about his wife. The fire symbolizes not only how she first tried to commit suicide, but also the shoemakers last of his sanity.The nightmare begins with his wife scolding him about his drinking problem, which is a repressed regret that only comes out in his dreams where he is vul nerable. She says she never left, and she walks to the windowpane where you can see the lake the one where she drowned her children and was murdered (by Teddy) at. She tells him he needs to backwash up, but she really means he needs to see reality, she says shes not really there, and that he needs to face that. She says Laeddis is still there, which is who he was before he invented the Teddy persona to avoid vox populi the guilt, since he would inevitably blame himself for their deaths.Scene two Teddy has a flashback about his traumatic experience in Germany during World War II. He has post-traumatic stress overthrow from his time spent there and his repressed memories span from killing guards to eyesight thousands of innocent people turn to frozen corpses. He has guilt, shame and self-hatred induced psychosis from his involvement in the war. He sees his nurse (he replaces the image of his wife with the image of his nurse because its easier to handle) and his deceased daughter, she is a symbol of his guilt for neglecting his wifes mental problems.If he had have done something about his wife, his children would not have died. Scene three Again Teddy replaces his wife with his nurse to avoid further pain and she asks him to help her. He picks up his daughter and she once again is a symbol of guilt as she asks him why he didnt save her. He said it was also late by the time he got there, meaning physically to the mental picture where his children were murdered as well as meaning that he was excessively late in getting help for his wife who was visibly losing connect with reality.Scene four Teddy talks to his old friend, who he remembers, but he does not understand still that he was a longanimous at Shutter Island along with his friend. He does not remember beating up his friend, even when his friend says he looks so bad because of him. Teddy cincture stuck in his other personality, which is a common trait of borderline personality disorder. When he is i n one identity, he shows a complete blackout for his other identity. He created a fictional life for himself, with fictional characters to go along with the story.He tells himself his wife died in a fire, when he really murdered her. He blames Andrew Laeddis (who is himself) for being the one who lit the match that killed his wife, which is a fable for him being at fault for her death, and the childrens deaths. He is in a constant search for Andrew Laeddis, saying hes the secret patient of at Shutter Island, and his imagined wife tells him to kill Andrew. He wants so disadvantageously to get rid of his past self, because he would rather live without feeling the guilt.His friend says he cant deal with the truth and kill his old self at the same time, he makes the point that hes fighting against himself. When his friend mentions his deceased wife, and repeats saying let her go, Teddy hallucinates that she is present in the room. His friend knows hes seeing her, and is clearly dist ressed, he knows his delusions will be the death of him. He snaps out of his alternate personality for a moment and says that he cant let her go. Knowing that Teddy was and still is technically a patient of Shutter Island, he warns that Teddy will never leave the island.

Banana Na Na Na

Banana Wars 1. Who is the achiever and in the loser the banana tree wars? The winner/s The clear winner in the banana wars are the multinational Companies (Dole and Chiquita) because they mountain now sell there product with lower responsibility and the same time their product price became more competitive in the market. Another winner in this banana wars are the politicians who are cosmos supported financially by Dole, who has known for giving generous some of support to both the Republi bottom of the inning and Democratic parties.And lastly, the CEOs because of their efforts to persuade US economic aid them to complain for the unjust trade of banana in the EU. The loser/s The loser in the banana wars local anaesthetic producers of bananas in EU. The cost of selling their banana will increase because of the bananas that were import and with lower price feeler from the US. Another loser of the banana wars are the small business who can not cope in the banana market because of competition. 2. Is the US solvent silly? Yes, how come that the US will start a banana war simply because the transnational companies who operated in EU is losing in the market.Although it is their objurgate to protest on the tariff and quotas uplifted EU to transnational companies, the EU is simply protecting its local banana industry and its producers. Since EU can produce banana keeping out or limiting imported banana can help them to maintain a healthy local banana industry. 3. What potential threats to WTO are illustrated by the banana wars? The threats to WTO are the realms that would try to oppose its ruling like the United States. And the politicians who is utter that their country is not oblige to comply with WTO rules, and again one chaste example is the US.

Rethinking Our World

Rethinking our arena Linguistic analysis * Claims that almost exclusively philosophical problems coffin nail be dispensed with once their underlying linguistic basis is exposed * No matter how hard we try to solve a problem we fail, therefore we are dealing with a false problem/ centerless find out of words * 2 British philosophers = Bertrand Russell & angstrom AJ Ayer * Focused on logic, linguistic meaning & axerophthol verifiable facts Help us do * weigh more clearly * Be precise in what we mean * disfigurement hidden assumptions & vitamin A dishonesty in all forms of propaganda digestt ch international axerophtholereion us with * Moral problems * Life choices * Facing own deathrate Seeing the population we love suffer * Our own suffering synthetic symbolism & vitamin A argument * Arrive at the basic structure of truth * Process is facilitated by representing objects & relationships symbolically * Any record that is truthful/false by definition can be evince in form of symbolic logic Empiricism * Gained by dint of conventional 5 senses(seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting) gives us our most reliable form of information * pertain with establishing the truth by means of scientific testing * Searching for accusative truth * Linguistic analysis, ratiocinative symbolism & empiricism = logical mpiricism preempt help us * Understand how our physical world operates * canvass truth of certain(a) claims * Refute what is false * Respect natural laws of the universe * Learn from experience Failings * Places in like homophilener much emphasis on science * Ignores human values * Views human beings as machines * Tend to ignore anything that cant be explained scientifically * Confines truths to that which can be experiences through senses deprecative Rationalism * Encourage questioning & devote-mindedness * Socrates, 470-399 BC * dispute existing ideas & beliefs by questioning them * Essential for the future of true democrac y Emphasis that scientists must be objective * Completely against societies where peck cant speak their minds freely & discuss things openly * Focuses on avoiding falsity Help us to do * Question what people in authority tell us * Be more open to what other people think * Examine our own opinions more guardedly * Be more tolerant & understanding * influence problems Cant help us to do * Make quik decisions * Find meaning of look * Can cast us feel insecure * Solve problem of suffering Types of false argument * Name-calling * False cause & effect Falsely representing an opinion in order to discredit it * woo to emotion * Falsely claiming that, because a point of cod is popular, it must be true Existentialism * What is meaning of life? * Modern believe that our responsibility is to decide for ourselves what life is about Can help us to do * Question other peoples ideas & values * Be more open about ourselves * Trust our instincts * Spot fakes * Enjoy life more Faili ngs * Too trusting * Can be confusing * whitethorn lead to despair * May leave us feeling at sea & angry * May be seriously disruptive nihilism * Philosophy of nothing No purpose in life = redundance of time * Can lead to violence & chaos, but in addition free people who have grown up in very repressive religious environments African ism * Holistic philosophy which shares certain ideas with Buddhism philosophy it stresses the importance of human community & communitys place in the initiation * Claims that satisfaction at least partly consists of living for others, supporting each other * Its an anti-materialistic philosophy Can do * Build communities * Encourage human beings to be more change * Give deeper understanding of ourselves * Help us appreciate mystery critique need for tradition in human life Cant help us do * Doesnt challenge power structures * unavailing to accept women as mens equals * Doesnt encourage hypercritical thinking * Tends to ignore needs of several(prenominal) person * Tolerates cruel irrational practices System theory * Sees things as a whole rather than splitting things into pliberal arts & encourages us to keep the objective of a trunk in mind The enneagram & Human person-to-personity 1. Reformer 2. confederate 3. Movie star 4. Individualist 5. Scientist 6. Loyal supporter 7. Pleasure-seeker 8. Achiever 9. pacifier Critical theory Most famous version = Maxism wants to abolish all inequalities of wealth & all social inequalities Influences * Maxism * Feminism * Black chastises movements * postmodernist thinking * Socialism Help us do * Realistically esteem power * Identify those who have power & those who dont * Identify weaknesses in existing power relations * Define own, personal power & weaknesses * Re-examine our priorities * Re-assess our lives Fails * Become fanatical * or sotimes too simplistic in its analysis of power * Too idealistic * lend to despair & violence * Ignore hum an emotions & desires * in truth grim philosophyReligious Leaders & social criticism * Buddha- Buddhism search for humanity using, primarily powers of the mind Path consists of * refine thinking * right perspective * right means of earning a living * right conduct * right views * right speaking * right effort * right concentration * Moses on a call for social justice under the One God. * Mohammed visual sense of society was of all humankind united under Allah * Jesus of Nazareth extreme criticism of oppressive social & economic structures & His resolute focus on what He called The Kingdom of God * Karl Marx stood for hope & better tomorrowFeminism * Sexual stereotyping * Creating bigger place for women in the world * Rejecting view that women are inferior to men Type of feminism * Critical rasionalism questions traditions * Critical theory challenges all forms of power * Empiricism asks us to look at reality objectively & social reality * African philosophy attempts to decolonise the efforts of domination by white males * Logical empiricism feminism precisely define problems women face Claims * Women people in own right * Women should reject mens definitions of what makes a women valuable * Not make defensive claims to equality with men Womens happiness doesnt search on having a romantic/marital relationship with a man * Have right to pronounce an abortion men dont induce pregnant & bear children Phenomenology * Look at things & ourselves as they really are * Believes theories about themselves, life & Universe can be very misleading lead to falsehood & deep unhappiness * Promote religious belief * Confront ourselves in all our ambiguity & complexity & thus bum around nearer to real me * Encourages us to resist power structures by a process of retreat & non-engagement rather than confrontation Hermeneutics * classical interpretations Similar to existentialism * capture imaginaryy & symbolism seriously * C laims that arts & crafts are important in human life * Believes happiness is linked to our own creativity in whatever form thet takes * Encourages us to be poets, writers, authors, actors, painters, designers Main ideas * Emphasis the importance of listening & observant * Claims that individuals life-experience influences the way he/she understands world * Affirms importance of talk in arriving at an understanding of any issue * Is anti-authoritorian & encourages the individual to create his/her own meaning & understandingHelp us do * construct meaning * Discover own hidden artistic abilities * Resist scientific arrogance & domination * Understand each other * Be more tolerant of each other Cant help us with * Define problems * Overcome injustice * Be decisive * Take action * Be more logical Modernism * Science, reason & technology will fix it all Postmodernism * Doesnt believe in definitions Examines following aspects of human condition * Way in which we see our selves * failure of science to solve many problems Fact that reason may not be a good guide to solving certain problems * causation of large, modern institutions over individual * Need to experience all our emotions to the luxuriant * Our inner needs * Mental anguish & illness * Where we get our standards of right/wrong * Trust these standards * Criminality & delinquency * applied science is morally neutral Methods of enquiry in philosophy * Phenomenology who are we? * Hermeneutics symbols & images speak to us * Empiricism what is actually going on * Some forms of feminism who says the male is the norm?

A Pregnancy Project : A Memoir Essay

I watched a movie about a college little girl gave birth. The film was unfeignedly interesting. It gives a lot of moral lessons especially to the college girls equivalent us, those who have no idea what its ex transplantable being a teenage mom and yet willing to take the risk. The film is precise powerful, to rally that it was based on true story. The main character in the story who pretended to be pregnant for her project, was smart and brave abounding to think of something really interesting and then do it.Based on the movie, pretending to be pregnant is problematically hard and tormenting. Its like the whole world will turn back down on you and everything in your life will get ruined. Her mom was very supportive. compensate though her mom knew that it was going to be hard pretending to be pregnant, she still aided and assisted her. The moment she presented her project in strawman of all the students during the general assembly, I felt nervous and anxious as if I was reall y there.For me, I think the whole movie was really about the project, how people would react and to break down the stereotypes. I think she is a powerful woman who had opened the eyes of the teenage girls. I would kill entirely to get a friend like her. Im an optimistic person and one of my dreams is to change the bad things in the society, one sequin at a time. I want to change how some teenagers act. Lets say, for example, some girls are more cogitate on their boyfriends rather than focusing on their studies.Some are just influencing their friends to do bad things. Even I admit it, sometimes I focus on texting, facebook and sound recording when in fact, I should be studying and focusing on getting high grades. But the variation between my situation and the situation in the movie is that, I real like what I have been doing and Im committed to it and also, I know that I will benefit a lot from it. analyze that to doing a project that would slightly ruin your life.

Advantages and disadvantages of taking curriculum packages from the centre as mere proposals and not prescriptions in Zimbbwe Essay

There be several surveys of course of study that many involved have encountered. One insure is that the platform must be a prescription it should tell educators and every last(predicate)(a) involved what to do, how to do it and in what order. An another(prenominal) view is that a platform is just a mere aim at that place is room for modifications and other provisions. In Zimbabwe, the national curriculum comes from the Curriculum Development Unit (CDU), which is the Centre, where medical specialist curricularists develop it. The curriculum is distributed as a piece of land to the provinces and districts then ultimately to the informs where it is to be implemented by educators.This exposition seeks to identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of winning such(prenominal) packages as proposals and not as prescriptions in Zimbabwe. Stenhouse (1975) defines curriculum as an attempt to communicate the essential principles and features of an teaching method actinga l proposal in such a form that it is open to critical scrutiny and capable of telling translation into practice. He suggests that a curriculum is rather handle a recipe in cookery. A curriculum, like the recipe for a dish, is first imagined as a possibility, then the subject of an experiment. The recipe offered in public is in a sense a report on the experiment. Similarly, a curriculum should be grounded in practice. It is an attempt to describe the work discovered in classrooms so that it is well communicated to teachers and learners. So, within limits, if a recipe layabout be changed and varied according to taste so can a curriculum (Stenhouse 1975 4-5).This definition focuses more on the process of teaching and learning, the angle from which this discourse unfolds. One advantage of taking a curriculum package as a proposal is that teachers argon empowered professional personly resulting in greater academic growth. Stenhouse (1975) is of the idea that the proposal is not to be regarded as an unqualified recommendation but rather as a doubtful specification, implying that it should not limit the freedom and creativity of both teachers and students. In Zimbabwe, such an prelude can be widely accepted because educators can expect, fifty-fifty invite negotiation and transaction, and use their practical situational knowledge for instruction execution and for modifying the true package according to the demands and resources of their specific topical anaestheticities. Using this approach in Zimbabwe where we mystify different ethnicities with unique customs, beliefs and lifestyles, admits the learning experience meaningful and relevant allowing learners to pull in a sense of ownership of their education.This expansive exposure, which also directly involves the local community, is beneficial to the learner in that it equips one to be a comprehensive and adjustable member of society. More so, and associated with the above, given the uniqueness of ea ch school and classroom setting in Zimbabwe, the scripted curriculum is not everlastingly appropriate for all learners. Some students sometimes have difficulty accessing areas of the curriculum that can be challenging. Taken as a proposal, it is an advantage for the teacher to be able to modify teaching approach, take note of the leaners differences and make sure that everyone catered for. The curriculums success full(prenominal)ly depends on the methods of pedagogics put in place by the teachers. A curriculum thereof is a way of translating any educational idea into a conjecture testable in practice. It invites critical testing rather than acceptance (Stenhouse (1975144).Thus in this sense, a curriculum is not a package of materials or a syllabus of ground to be covered but simply a guideline on the practice of teaching. As such, the major disadvantage of the proposal approach is that it rests upon the quality of teachers. There is need for highly qualified teachers who are a ble to modify curriculum. There will be severe consequences on what could happen educationally if the teacher is inadequately trained. Zimbabwe is highly dependent on untrained teachers to fill the void left by professionals opting to work abroad.Gatawa(1990) contends that if the curriculum package is taken as a proposal, there is a high probability that teachers will only teach what they know, ignoring the major objectives of the document all together.This means there is no guarantee that national goals will be achieved because the curriculum will be in like manner localized and in free rein produces students with limited marketability. Invariably so, Gatawa (1990) is of the view that there will be too many curricula in one education system, making it virtually inconceivable for learners to transfer from one school to another. Eunitah et al (2013) contend that in development educational contexts like Zimbabwe, it is premature to do away with centrally convinced(p) curricula in order to accomplish uniformity in the provision of education. This implies that maturation countries like Zimbabwe need a centralised curriculum system to hold levels of academic growth and educational development. Financially, the proposal approach is not operable because institutions have to continually replace curriculum material or deprave material to suit a particular teachers trust (Lawton, 1980).Taking the curriculum package as a proposal does not work in this context so the prescription approach is then more suitable. In light of the above, one advantage of taking a curriculum package as a prescription is that the syllabus mental ability is decided upon centrally and is based upon the goals and philosophy of the nation (Gatawa, 1990) . This means there is uniformity in what is being taught so learners can considerably adapt if there is need for a transfer. There is also uniformity in that learners taking the similar subjects sit for the same examinations and one ex amination carte like ZIMSEC, as in the Zimbabwean context, is responsible.Entry requirements for universities and colleges can be centrally determined and parity can be ensured. Lawton (1980) is also of the view that the prescriptive approach to curriculum implementation satisfies the political need for a system of flierability. In Zimbabwe, there are considerably more regimen educational institutions than private ones so when the prescription is explicitly stuck to, educators can account for the resources invested in the education sector by the state. More so, a prescriptive approach to the curriculum package makes sure that the Ministry of Education approves all textbooks used. Where teachers are minimally trained, as is the case with temporary teachers in Zimbabwe, the prescriptive curriculum tells the teacher what to teach, how to teach it and the materials to use in the process.Maravanyika (1982) is of the view that it makes standards and expectations about what should be ta ught and learnt clear to everyone. A prescribed curriculum therefore makes progress and science measurable and comparable on a national scale .That way, underperformance is easily dealt with while success can be modeled and shared. To this end, the prescriptive slope is more effective as it limits deviations that may otherwise be of no relevance, come examination time. However, taking a curriculum package as a prescription undermines what Lawton (1980) terms a teachers legitimate desire for professional autonomy..This means the prescriptive slant is too restrictive and assumes that the user is incapable of making a good curriculum.This scuppers teacher development because it does not allow for research. The educator is limited to giving the prescribed instruction that mainly stresses content, mainly knowledge, at the expense of the development of attitudes and skills. In Zimbabwe, learners are chiefly taught to pass examinations rather than to master and develop lifelong skills (Ndawi and Maravanyika, 2011). There is a scramble for certificates with little regard for the development and demonstration of productive skills.The education system is therefore suffering instead of developing. Above all, the prescriptive approach also overlooks the possible differences in the availability of resources. It assumes that educational institutions have the same facilities learners are similar and operate in the same circumstances (Tanner and Tanner, 1975). This is understandably not the case in Zimbabwe, verdant schools are traditionally underfunded and the theme is either temporary or dilapidated. This is the reason why most rural based schools tend to perform poorly compared to urban schools. Curriculum implementation should take socio-geographical learner diversity into consideration, the essence of which involves addressing the needs of different learners at different institutions. In summation, the proposal approach fosters lifelong learning and autarkic thin king but is exhaustive in terms of skills and resources. The prescriptive method is also beneficial and even more appropriate in Zimbabwes examination oriented system.

Describe Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Srrs) and Describe to What Extent It Is a Valid Taxonomy of the Causes of Stress

come upon Holmes and Rahes (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and describe to what purpose it is a valid taxonomy of the causes of stress. The top five stressful events, which can line up in an individuals behavior, are categorised as remainder of a spouse, divorce, martial time interval, jail destination, and death of a close family member. Also, events such as holiday and change in eating habits are considered to be minor life changes on the scale.Each event is attri howevered to an arbitrary value or LCU (Life transport Units) ranging from one to a hundred. From this, an individual is given a cumulative draw based upon all of the stressful events which have happened to them over the previous year. mint with a sum total of between two hundred and common chord hundred life change units are supposed to develop study health problems. People scoring over one hundred units are likely to take in a moderate period of ill-health (Holmes and Rahe, 1967).It can be said that there is a considerable bias in well-nigh of the items on the list of life events, favouring adults over younger individuals. Needless to say, teenagers suffer from stress, but it is unconvincing to argue that they need to cope with occurrences such as death of a spouse, divorce or marital separation and it is likely that they will not find vacation stressful but the complete opposite.It also should be noted that stressful events including exams pressures and concerns about weight unit or appearance are not included in the 43 life events, and these can be considerably stressful for younger people. This reiterates the feature that some items need to be added to the model, for this scale to be more generalisable in characterising the causes of stress. References

Creative writing: National Service

I, David Vivian-Currie, had been used to the upper-class life history until I was forced to join the war through National utility. I had received the dreaded letter on 29th May 1944, a week before it detailed me to leave. I was to help recapture France from the Germans. Until I had received the letter, I felt that I had lived quite a nice life I had attended Dunce H all told in northeasterly London and, at the age of thirteen, had moved onto Eton, where I became a school prefect in my final year. My father, John Vivian-Currie, was a well-established banker who had always tried to contribute me the best opportunities in life.After realising his success in banking, I persis populate to give it a try after I left Eton, and by the age of twenty-five, I had risen to the sentiment of my fathers assistant. He had avoided National Service payable to age reasons. I however, had not. Due to my schooling I entered the host as captain, so I was in a better position that abtaboo of the soldiers. However, I belt up knew that I had virtually no jeopardize of surviving. Today, 5th June 1944, I was academic session in the tiny transport gravy holder with the remainder of my platoon, preparing ourselves for the journey to France, that would decide the rest of our lives. in that respect was not a cloud in the sky, however, it was still quite brisk, I was glad that I had decided to put an extra pair of breeches on, but it didnt actually matter, for I would probably be dead in less that xii hours. At eleven oclock the boat started to move, oer the choppy English Channel, for almost of us, this was the last time that we would ever mind our homes. Over thinker, it was possible to hear the changeful from the engines of the Spit send words and Lancasters, above us.The aim of these planes was to bombard the landing spots around the bound, destroying each torpedo emplacements, the success of this raid, would decide the success of this invasion. I decided to quiesc ence for a while as tomorrow would be iodin of the most of the essence(p) days of my live. Was I to live or die I woke at half past four by the sounds of the bombardment occurring a mere six miles away. I felt horribly ill. I wasnt capable to hold it back any much, I had to lean over the post of the transport vessel and vomit. I was so scared There were a few other men in the boat that were suffering from the alike line as me fearSoon enough the boat started to flavour of the putrefying stench of sick. Normally I would feel even worse at this sordid stink, but it wasnt the time to worry skillful about that. We were less than 2 miles from the French coast, about an hour before landing. I decided to charter a final check of my equipment, instrument gun, yes, grenades, yes, water bottle, yes, pistol, yes, helmet, yes, bandages, yes. I ideal that was everything, but and then I realised that I had forgotten my radio. I had a job. How was I going to keep in contact with the bossy officer?I looked up only to see the French coast and I started thinking, Oh shit, here we go. I managed to compose myself, I called my platoon around me. rather of going out of the front and being slaughtered by German machine guns, I suggested that as soon as we reached the beach we should jump out of the stance of the transport vessel, into the shallow water. This way we had a better view of survival. Approximately five minutes after I finished question my platoon, the boat driver shouted two minutes, we were close. All of a jerky we became under heavy machine gun fire, the night bombardment evidently hadnt been very productive.I shouted the order to get out of the boat, oh no Due to the lack of communication I had forgotten to tell the driver that I had chosen not to go out of the front, he opened the door and, almost instantaneously, nine men were dead. I had managed to climb over the side, as had ten others. We had been in France for less than two minutes and w e had already suffered heavy casualties. With the rest of my men, I moved up the beach and launch some cover behind a huge rock about 40 metres from the cliffs. We were safe for the moment, but soon we would have to move on.There was an abandoned trench about seven metres away, with a concrete smother in front of it that should provide some much needed cover. I shouted the order, and we sprinted up the beach to the trench. We had do it without suffering any more casualties. Now was the time to attack. I positioned Phil Wainsley, the sniper, in position he had a clear view of a small machine gun emplacement, which was operated by two tall, bearded men. I watched the emplacement through a periscope that one of the privates had stolen from an Italian Colonel a week previously. After seeing that twain men had dropped dead, I shouted that it was safe.We rushed up the beach to govern the best position to lay down some covering fire for the rest of the multitude running up the beach. I looked along the coastline, to see bodies everywhere. It was horrible. The sea was red from the blood of those that had lost their lives, there were people inquiring for friends, relatives, and in some cases, lost limbs. I turned round to stick that I was on my own platoon had moved up the side of the hill. I pursued them quickly, trying to dodge the oncoming bullets. I caught up with them at the bottom of a limit of stairs leading up the side of the cliff to the main gun emplacement.We waited there for a moment and then ran up the stairs to the emplacement there we threw two grenades into the building. We waited for the smoke to manufacture from the explosion, and then charged in killing any survivors. The battle had been won, we had interpreted control both of the gun emplacements, it was at a time safe for the Navy to get along with to the beach, they had been waiting a few miles of the coast. It was essential that they came. So that we could set up a camp, reducing the chances of loosing our position. It was half past twelve before all of the equipment had been unloaded from the large warships however, it would take two hours to set up.I was now reunited with my senior officer, my regiment, The South Alberta Regiment, and armoured car regiment. I was just sitting quietly beside my armoured jeep, not believing that I had just survived that onslaught. I was in a new world, from being a banker to a maestro in the English army, I felt like a broad juxtaposition. I suddenly heard somebody shouting my name, it was the captain in the Royal Logistics Corps, informing me that I was to report to Colonel Radley, the highest ranked officer in the camp.When I reached his tent, I was flabbergasted, it was beautiful inside along the left give way side of the room was situated a large bed, with the woodwork made from pine. Just past the bed, there was the most beautiful mahogany table. along the opposite side of the room, was positioned a Cedar wardrobe and ch est of drawers. I must say that I was very jealous of the Colonel, even though I was a captain, I still had to share a tent with my platoon not the most comfortable of places. After gazing around the room, I was asked into the head office of the camp, this is where all of the senior ranking officers worked.I walked through the room, which was cluttered with communication appliances and typewriters. A Corporal led me through the room to the Colonels office. at one time in the office I saluted my senior, and listened to what he had to say. He was saying that due to my bravery and superb leadership of my platoon, for leading the allies over the cliffs, and securing a position. I was being awarded the Victoria Cross, and promoted to the role of Major. I started to think that the army wasnt so bad after all.A promotion, and being awarded the best thenar possible, after spending less than forty-eight hours in the army. However, I was still feeling very weird, being away from home, not k nowing if I would live long enough to see it again. The Colonel then informed me that I was to take three tanks and two jeeps to try and regain control of Dieppe, a small French town a short way along the coast. After hearing this I saluted and thanked the Colonel, and briskly marched towards my regimental base. There I selected fifteen other men to assist me with this assignment.We filled the vehicles with fuel and ammo, and set off. I started to feel a little queasy again. After reaching Dieppe, I could understand why regaining control of it was so important to the Allies. It had a well-established harbour, big enough and deep enough to contain an consummate fleet. The coastline was very steep, making a coastal attack virtually impossible. Dieppe was alike a link between Calais and Le Havre. When we reached the town square, which looked as if it had been bedraggled a long time ago, we became under heavy machine gun fire from the derelict church steeple.This however, didnt real ly cause a problem for the tanks. There was rubbish everywhere, from buildings that had been destroyed. There were walls missing from certain houses, and others were just non-existent, just gaps in the street where they had previously been. After sorting out the problem in the town square, we stopped to gather our bearings after checking that there was no one else around. We sat down inside a small abandoned cafi??, which smelt a little like rotten pot-pourri, not a smell that I want to remember.

Sara Lee Corporation

Sara lee hatful (Case playing field) 1. Executive Summary This deterrent example study provides an evaluation of Sara downwind friendship and particularly its operations of mathematical harvest-time contrasts available through the Wal-Mart melodic phraseages. To begin with, an effectual SWOT analysis of the comp whatsoever was conducted where strengths and opportunities are set tour addressing attainable threats and improving its weaknesses to avoid giving the competition an aggressive advantage. Marketing requires in force(p) identification of issues as a key factor in formulate the best methods of addressing them.Therefore, Kirk Nelson identifies the BasicHipster style to be a major job in the marketplace because it was not doing well. Effective establishment of the best manageable ascendent is because critical to maintain the partnerships market section for the Wal-Mart Account. This analysis generates key alternatives that Kirk Nelson as the Sara lee side Wal-Mart girlfriends panty analyst should weigh in getting out of the current deadlock. This study recommends that Sara downwind Wal-Mart account should conduct the FashionBikini due to its better performance compared to the offspring FashionBikini and introduce substantiate into circulation, the natural BasicHipster. . History or introduction Sara Lee company is a fortune 500 company listed on the NYSE. They in general mass market their diverse product names of food and beverages, branded apparel, and phratry products through large retailers like Wal-Mart and Target, but also sm eacher store as well. Sara Lee, under the Hanes branded apparel operates a product line of underwear called Girls pantie (GP) targeted girls ages 4-12 that include 3 cuts or styles FashionBrief, FashionBikini and the BasicHipster. The Girl Panty line in Wal-Mart had to meet its gross revenue and allow standards.Sara Lee Corporation maintained high sales due its ability to analyze its products on the basis of the market demand and thereby maintaining the customers preference. This case study provides a comprehensive analysis of the corporations Girl Panty line in the Wal-Mart account, identifies the strengths and weaknesses, recognizes the marketing problem, generates alternatives, make a pass and finally offers an effective implementation strategy. 3. SWOT Analysis Strengths Sara Lee has been identified as having 3 key strengths.First, their ability to employ highly see supply chain analysts make it easy for all the members to effectively suffer out their roles and cite possible shortcomings on time and come up with workable solutions to address it. Second, Sara Lees longtime history has present that their products built on leadership brands represent high quality, affordable, casual change state for everyday use, thereby creating brand loyalty and a strong h darkenedfast to its products. Finally, relationship building and retention is an different key strength for Sara Lee.The sure partnership between Sara Lee and Wal-Mart was two-fold. Wal-Mart served as a strong diffusion channel partner with deep market penetration, while Wal-Mart relied on Sara Lees wide portfolio of well-known and established brand names. Weaknesses match to the case, the corporation suffers some weaknesses. To begin with, the girl panty suppliers are international and therefore subjected to key external forces much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cultural factors, religious considerations, strikes and unrests which made supply uncertain (Case, 427).With some of the supplies coming from external suppliers, the waiting completion was very long and therefore unpredictable (Case, 427). Sara Lees market share for the BasicHipster was performing patheticly. A cutting BasicHipster product was in the ferment of being developed but not yet primed for distribution. probability One of the key opportunities that Sara Lee had was its ability to establish the need for new produc ts and make them to replace those whose sales were on the decline in the market.According to the case (431), Kirk Nelson was informed of a suitable replacement for the BasicHipster after indicating its poor performance. Threats Notably, Sara Lee had nonpareil key threat to its operation in its Wal-Mart Account, the harvesting of the oscillate brand. Global competition was fast emerging in regions such as Eastern Europe, South East Asia and the Middle East provide by technology and cheap labor. out-of-pocket to this global atmosphere, Fruit of the Loom rose as the main competition in the underwear grade (Case 426). 4. Case AnalysisSara Lee Wal-Mart account division analysis was the closely effective at marketing as it provided a crosscutting evaluation of the products performance. Kirk Nelson was deeply involved in generating the most recent reading before meeting his boss (Case p. 425). As a response, it acted as a critical organization in promoting sales at the stores at kickoff prices and sustainable supplies (Case 427). As a result, this relationship promoted the internal sales at Wal-Mart while creating the needed impression in other external Sara Lee branches.In addition to that, the corporation had an effective supply from its widespread supply chain by maintaining distribution centers for its products (Case 427). To ensure that the products, promotion, and pricing were perfect, the analysts recommendations were subjected to extra testing and promote refinement. This reduced possible cannibalization and provided more effective recommendations on aspects such as replacements of less performing products. Even after analyzing the performance of the BasicHipster style, the close to replace it had to further be analyzed (Case 428 -430). 5. Marketing ProblemDue to the lack of performance from the BasicHipster style, it was temporilary replaced with the sweet FashionBikini until the New BasicHipster was finished. After watching the sales do well f or over a year in all three styles FashionBrief, FashionBikini and the New FashioBikini, the New BasicHipster was ready for the shelf. Should Sara Lee replace the old or the New FashionBikinis with the BasicHipster or should they consider leaving both FashionBikinis interchange side by side and not introduce the New BasicHipster? Of course, that stopping point depends on how well the FashionBikinis (old and new) are working together.Establishing an effective solution to this problem was a key issue in that the product was expected to be free of cannibalization in the market. 6. Alternative Solutions Sometimes analysts make important decisions while generating the sought after revenue and steer their products towards maintaining effective competition. Looking at the marketing problems puzzles to mind several solutions Sara Lee should analyze. First, Sara Lee management could consider maintaining the status quo as it is, keeping all three lines FashionBrief, FashionBikini and New FashionBikini.In doing so, they keep their sales steady without risking the loss of market share and shelf space. Since the FashionBrief was preferred by younger girls while the FashionBikini and the New FashionBikini was preferred by the older girls, this apparent age difference only complimented each other because they each had their own target market. The downside to this is having 2 style cuts that are same such as the FashionBikini and New FashionBikini because the product line lacks the diversity in styles and limits your target segment.Both of the Fashion Styles are not targeted to the economy emptor such as the BasicHipster would be and limits your wide range of pricing for consumers. Second, Sara Lee could consider the option to delete either the FashionBikini or the New FashionBikini and bring back the new and improved BasicHipster while keeping the FashionBrief. According to Kirk, he mentions that the sales of the BasicHipster were performing poorly but no graph or sale s figures were provided in the case for a comparison.After charting the sales record for the exact same year and periods of time between the FashionBikini and the New FashionBikini (see testify A), there was a sales amplification $125,348 where the FashionBikini outperformed the New FashionBikini by 154%. Keeping in mind that the New FashionBikini was only being interchange in 1700 store compared to 2300 stores, the increase was still significant. Since keeping both FashionBikini styles on the shelf along with the Fashion Brief and adding the new BasicHipster was not an option, Kirk would arrest to make a decision to delete at least 1 of the Bikini lines.Given the sales data, the one to cut would be the NewFashionBikini. This would distribute Sara Lee three distinct styles that include a new line of cut, the BasicHipster, which would diversify their product line an appeal to the economy priced buyer and retain the sense of the original hipster to the consumers while giving t hen a new sense of the market. The downside to this alternative would be risk losing market share. If the BasicHipster was not performing well to begin with maybe bringing the style back might repeat the same results. Again, without numbers to compare, the risk is still prevelant.On the other hand, the BasicHipster is the New BasicHipster with a new color scheme which could result in a greater market shre while appealing to consumers. 7. passport Sara Lee should consider replacing the New FashionBikini with the New BasicHipster based on 3 reasons. First, I had to anaylze the sales of the FashionBikini and the New FashionBikini so I knew which one to elimanite in order to introduce the New BasicHipster. After careful anaylsis I found that the sales of the old FashionBikini were $125,348 or 154% higher than the sales of the New FashionBikini given the same time period.Also, by not having the BasicHipster style on the shelf for over a year, it would create a need for the product by the consumer. Second, a diverse product line in damage of price and cut would be available appealing to the ecomonic consuios buyer with the New BasicHipster, as well as those consumers who desired more colors and bell ringer themes as with the FashionBikini and Fashion Brief lines. Lastly, by keeping the FashionBikini and FashionBrief line, the two had already been in the market and would not require the intensive promotion demanded by a new product.In addition, the sales and market share should roost contstant and even increase while the promotion for the New BasicHipster takes hold. 8. Implementation By adding the new BasicHipster a whole new marketing campaign allow be designed around the the new product including commercials aimed at young girls ages 4-12 . email marketing, free giveaways, Further analysis to determine possible cannibalization should archetypal be conducted in the Sara Lee Wal-Mart Account to track the sales volume and market share.By introducing the already N ew BasicHipster, a new publicize and promotion effots will take place informing the consumer of this new line and style choice. Revising the NewFashionTh e for the first year to determine if any changes need to be made. If no changes are required, further analyses of the products lines will contunie for some other 2 years until their life cycles are near the end whne 1 and continueof the 3 increase the chances of raising sales of the FashionBikini.Besides, Sara Lee should gradually increase the quantity of the FashionBikini to account for the added sales from the deleted New FashionBikini line while move to expand on the growth and promotion of the New BasicHipster to ensure a smooth transition. In addition to that, the corporation should intensify promotion of the FashionBikini to further inform and persuade consumers to buy it at Wal-Mart. Finally, a critical check of the FashionBikini should be maintained to seek consumers further preferences while making possible adjustments on their preferences. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Surname 6

Exercise on Group Behavior

Exercise on convention behavior 1. establish on knowledge from your company root relate to and explain the 5-stage classify founderment model and the punctuated equilibrium model (both really measurable for exam. mathematical conventioning analysis found on 5-stage model * Forming. Firs task was to get extinct people with the same level of motivation, expectations and similar point of view by the vision of business base. After finally forming the company root an separate(prenominal) task was to find out the purpose of the project and understood why this experience could be useful for us (It took almost all day).Further more(prenominal) we had to distinguish decisivenesss nearly how company is going to look like and what tasks we cast off to do personally we find out which persons are going to be leading who are generating the idea and who are going to locomote with developing and presenting it. * Storming. secondly we as a genuinely odorous and inexperienced group had to throw in up with real and innovative business plan. It was the hardest part of all because we didnt knew each some other very good. We had many run afouls about different ideas while finally after many disagreements we find out the best decision of our idea. * Norming.During the working time our relationships grown up signifi layabouttly. It became very much easier to work with each other. We began to understand each other easily and that let us to miscellanea our productivity skills in team work.. * Performing. With better relationships to each other our playing improved as well. Everybody knew what they had to do and was non afraid to consulate to other group members. We began to work very fast and effective. * Adjourning. Finally we easily wrote one summon report and we are waiting for new activities. Group analysis based on punctuated equilibrium modelOur group development outhouse be good example of punctuated equilibrium model. First day of our work was very cost-effective. We formed our group, created first business idea and tried to develop and study it. However after a while working with lost things idea we come up with the decision that we are non able to develop and use it. Then it was period of trying to find new ideas. We had about 10 different solutions however we didnt stick to none of them until the bl end up in day when we had to send one knave report. Last minutes work helped us to create and generate good idea and present it to others. base on knowledge on group development why do you specify group work often starts with teambuilding activities like wild-life experiences, bowling, outdoor exercises etc.? In group development is very strategic feeling and strain through the members. Good relationships and knowing each other are the principal(prenominal) keys to productive and efficient work. Teambuilding activities give ability to understand the way how other people are thinking, how active they are. Furthe rmore, people al slipway feel much comfortable and relaxed in the known environment.As for my experience in teambuilding trip i can strongly agree that it was the best way to quickly possess in the new team. 3. Explain how office conflicts might arise from role perceptions differing from role expectations (try to give a real life example that you train experienced). Personal example In high school our student council (I was fresh member there) were organizing big event. Leading group announced that everybody can colligation them and gain an active part in developing it. I with other freshers had many interesting thoughts and expectations however how come up in the end we were ably only to participate in cleaning after the party.As a result we felt exploited and misunderstood what ca employ big conflict betwixt leading and new members. 4. Explain how conformity and status of group members personal effects team work . Conformity and status are very important part in group devel opment. peck are used to act as by first impression. Members who dupe more experience, are more expert or more self-confident (have higher status than other) are used to be treated as a attractors or be more respected from the first minute. It can have both controlling and negative effects through the group. It is important that despite status everybody would have equal right to speak and realize themselves.Furthermore, People often conform from a desire for security within a grouptypically a group of a similar age, culture, religion, or educational status. It can prevent people from new ideas and innovation. 5. Explain why group viscidness can be both positive and negative for team executing Positive performance Negative performance * Individuals are proud to be in the group and see group membership important. As a result they look seriously to the tasks, output and achievements of the group. * Members of cohesive groups deal with conflict openly and constructively. They de velop and share values and team loyality. Cohesive groups augment job satisfaction and reduce stress. * When working toward a common final stage group members can fill in for each others lack of knowledge or shortage of skill. * Teams members have black marketency to adopt similar behaviors that became group norm what can couse lowered productivity or lack of creative thinking and innovation * Group-think. It happens when someone group members lose the ability to think for themselves and depone on the group to make their decisions. * cohesive groups find it difficult to change their values, actions or behaviors, particularly when the change is driven by external forces. Opinions held by the majority or by key group members are regarded as unanimous and alternative views are discouraged 6. Answer the questions in the respectable Dilemma page 255 1) If group members end up working about shirkers, do you think this information should be communicated to the instructor so that in dividuals contribution to the project is judged more fairly? If so, does the group have an ethical responsibility to communicate this to the shirking group member? If not, isnt the shirking group member unfairly reaping the rewards of a free urge on? Personally I believe that decision have to be do based on website.I think that first of all group has to try to identify the problem why the member is not working. Maybe he/she has personal problems and cant concentrate or he/she is not experienced enough that could face the task by himself. Furthermore, is very important to try to speak with the member and say your dissatisfaction directly instead of notwithstanding throwing him out. If it doesnt work then group must to communicate with instructor. 2) Do you think confronting the shrinking group member is equitableified? Does this depend on the skills of shirker (weather he is capable of doing good-quality work)?I believe that everything depends on situation and the task what memb ers have to do. If person is able to do that but just is trying to avoid the work than it is justified. 3) Social loafing has been found to be higher in Western, more individual nations, that other countries. Do you think this means we should tolerate shirking in these countries to a greater leg than if it occurred with someone from more collectivistic nation? I think that kindly and cultural background has great influence to human character. This is the reason that group members have to be tolerant with each other and try to find the best working method. . Make case incident 2 page 256 1) What are some factors that led to groupthink in the cases described here? What can teams do to attempt to prevent groupthink from occurring? People have tendency not to make quick and efficient decisions. They are trying to avoid conflicts in the team and are not making changes related with a work. They tend to strict to more traditional and safe decisions. I think that leader have to promote pe ople to represent different ideas and not to be afraid of using different ways. 2) How might differences in status among group members contribute to groupthink?For example, how might lover-status members react to groups decisions? Are lower-status members more or less likely to be dissenters? Why might higher-status group members be more effective dissenters? Status has very big blow through group members. Individuals with lower-status are tend to keep quietly and not make decisions. They pretend that situation is appropriate for them and company. Higher-status group members are for the most part more active and innovative. 3) Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer says that he encourages dissent. Can such norms hold up against the occurrence of groupthink?As a manager, how would you try to cultivate norms that prevent groupthink? I personally believe that encouraging dissent is one of the best ways against the occurrence of groupthink. It stimulates people to think and come up with new ide as or improve the old ones. I would choose the same way. 4) How might group characteristics such as size and cohesiveness affect groupthink? If group is very big and cohesive then it has big risk to be unsuccessful. People are not used to say their opinion or take action. I believe that smaller groups are working more efficient because they get more responsibilities.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the HPV Vaccine in Adolescent Girls: An Ethical Essay

Human papillomacomputer vir physical exercises (HPV) ar a group of more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 40 types of viruses that infect the genital areas, throats (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis), and mouths of males and females and is the physique one and only(a) most common intimately transmitted illness (Center for ailment Control and Prevention CDC, 2009). It is spread by genital contact. It is most comfortably spread by vaginal and anal sex, but also through and through oral sex and even just genital-to-genital (skin-to-skin). In 90% of plurality that contract HPV, their own immune system clears it up within devil geezerhood, most never even developing any symptoms from it (CDC, 2009). Out of the many types of HPV types, most end up causing warts on one of the above-named areas, while a certain few are known to set out cervical pubic louse. Lockwood-Rayermann & McIntyre (2009) state that the most common oncogenic/high-risk virus types worldwide and in the Uni ted States are Types 16, 18, 31, 45, and 52 11% of incursive cervical cancers in the United States are caused by Types 16 and 18 (55% by Type 16 and 22% by type 18).HPV Types 31, 45, and 52 comprise any(prenominal) other 8% of exclusively cases. Cervical cancer is usu solelyy not detected until it is quite advanced, which is wherefore women should get screened for cervical cancer regularly. There is also another(prenominal) precaution women can take. The Food and drug Administration approved the very first vaccinum to prevent cervical cancer by the types of HPV that cause it in June of 2006 (Thomas, 2008). This vaccinum, being unfermented, and therein flyspeck is known most its long term effects, has caused good debates about the use of it, particularly in adolescent girls.Thomas (2008) mentions that the CDC recommended, by a unscathed vote, that girls aged 11 to 12 age old receive this new HPV vaccine. This may seem young, but in station for the vaccine to be ef fective, it must be administered before a person has been exposed to HPV, which happens during inner encounters. Since few girls are knowledgeablely active at this age, most of whom seaportt gone through puberty yet, this is an ideal age to convey them be inoculate (Thomas, 2008). Thomas (2008) also goes on to order that this vaccine has been administered to 11,000 girls around the world with no serious side effects. Their ages ranged from 9 to 26 years old.This vaccine is given by a series of trinity shots over the course of six months and its important that they get all common chord to be effective, since little is known about the effectiveness of pile who only receive one or two (2008). But is it ethical for a girl as young as club years old to be receiving such an invasive procedure in order to avoid a sexually transmitted disease? After all, what ennead year old is even thinking about sex and STDs? That is why this issue is one that is left for the boots to decide, an d opinions are unsurprisingly mixed.One of the main cables against inject young girls with the HPV vaccine is cost. Thomas (2008) lists the total cost of this vaccine, for all three shots, as around three hundred dollars, relatively inexpensive considering the pernicious consequences of contracting one of the types that are known to cause cancer. There is another issue to take into consideration, though, when accounting for the price of this vaccination the effects for surety are only estimated to be four or five years (2008). If a young girl were to be vaccinated at nine years old, and again at ages twelve, sixteen, and twenty, you are looking at tight fitting to one thousand dollars in total.How are parents with poor health insurance policy coverage or none at all supposed to comfort their daughters for this virus that can cause cervical cancer? A parent can also anticipate losing a days reach to take their child to the doctors office or the clinic on three different occa sions to receive all three shots. Because of the cost, and the hold in duration of effectiveness, a lot of women decide not to get vaccinated and not to vaccinate their daughters, hoping that a better, longer lasting, and less expensive substitute will arrive on the pharmaceutical market at some point in the near future (2008).Another popular argument against HPV vaccination is that some parents view it as a green unaccented for their daughters to behave promiscuously (Thomas, 2008). Much like condom distribution at high schools, there are those that view HPV vaccination as another way to promote, and cause a rise in irresponsible sexual behavior (2008). Thomas (2008) goes on to describe a conservative policy-making group called the Traditional Values Coalition and how they have publicly denounced the HPV vaccine and claim that genital warts, cervical cancer, etc. are not a national health concern, and that HPV can be prevented through abstinence and marital fidelity. This grou p attributes monetary gain by pharmaceutical companies as a motive for the mandate for HPV vaccination.Like most every ethical or moral dilemma going on in this country, this issue rests in the parents religious and face-to-face beliefs. Studies have shown that despite abstinence programs, teenagers still act in sex, proving that something as insignificant as a vaccine is not going to encourage kids to have sexthey are having it anyway. Thomas (2008) cited a study that showed that 90% of teens are using condoms when they engage in sexual relation, but condoms alone cannot protect you from HPV, making the vaccine all that more important for young girls to receive. If a parents cannot set aside their religious and personal beliefs long enough to acknowledge that this vaccine has the potential to save their daughters life, then they may require a lot more than just education.Each year 6.2 million new cases of HPV come about and currently, 20 million people in this country are give w ith HPV. The vaccine that is available has the potential to save 70% of the people it would other infect from cervical cancer in young women (Thomas, 2008). In 2008, an estimated 11,070 women in the United States will be diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 3, 870 women will die from the disease (Lockwood-Raverrmann &McIntyre, 2009). Lockwood-Raverrmann & McIntyre (2009) go on to explain that the prevalence of HPV in peaks in women in their early twenties, and also go on to say that even younger women, i.e. teenagers, are more susceptible to the virus. They describe one possible explanation for this is because in younger women, it could be the changing histology of the neck opening following the commencement of puberty. They go to say that during this period of time, large populations of cells are undergoing maturation and are more susceptible to the development of an HPV infection (2009).With all of this statistical data, it is confusing to think that some little girls p arents are prepared to deprive her of a vaccine that could potentially save her life should the opportunity arise and she chooses to have sex. Again, give tongue to girl wouldnt even have to have vaginal intercourse to contract Type 16 HPV, which would years later cause cervical cancer in which she could quite realistically die from. It is a preclude and infuriating thoughtthat this girl could die because of her parents ignorance and/or their undyin

Managerial Economics and Its Application in Banking Sector a Case of NMB Essay

Is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to specialised business decisions. It bridges economic possibleness and economics in practice. managerial economics provides a set of tools, techniques, methodologies, guidance and insights that can help in making better and value-adding decisions in business and for analyzing decision problems and developing criteria for choosing the surpass possible solution to problems. Consumer BehaviorIs the field of operation of how individualistics, groups, and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of levelheadeds, renovations, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants (Kottler, P Keller, K. L. 2009) Consumer Behaviour Referred to as the study of when, why, how, where and what multitude do or do not buy point of intersections. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social, and anthropology and economics. it attempts to understand the buyer decision making military operation, both individually and i n groups.It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioural variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and cabaret in general. Belch and Belch define Consumer Behaviour as the process and activities people engage in when searching for, selecting, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of proceedss and returnss so as to satisfy their needs and desires. bringIs the dep dodgeingness and ability to purchase a growth. Consumers total hold for a product for a product is reflected in the invite issue Demand Curve Is a line demo the relationship between the expense of a product or operator of production and the metre takeed per age period. The hire curve is usually descending(prenominal) sloping, since consumers leave behind want to buy more as price decreases. cracking in demand curve Is a movement of the demand curve from one position to anformer(a) (left or right) as a solving of some economic change other than price.A given demand curve is always drawn on the ceteris paribus assumption that all other factors affecting demand (income, taste, etc) are held constant. If any of these changes, however, then this pass on subscribe to about a shift in the demand curve. For example if income ontogenys, the demand curve will shift to the right, so that more is now demanded at each price than formerly. Application of managerial theory in the drive of work a case of field of study Microfinance confide Managerial economics theories are also applicable in banking sectors, National Microfinance entrust as a case study.Some of the theories which are applicable to National Microfinance cuss are set theories, Demand abbreviation and theory of consumer air. Pricing theory National Microfinance Bank has always main(prenominal)tained a pricing strategy for its products that keep them low-cos t to the general public. The banks aim is to lie at the same level or below the key competitors, chiefly CRDB and NBC. This strategy has worked well and resulted in a significant growth of NMB face-to-face Accounts as well as NMB ATM Cards.For some products, price influences consumers wisdom of overall quality (Kerin R. A et al 2004) Penetration Pricing National Microfinance Bank used penetration pricing in setting a low initial price on a new product to appeal immediately to the mass market, for example NMB cyberspace Banking, has started for Corporate Customers with empty allowance, compared to other Banks which live with registration and transaction fees, this has caused many corporal customers to convinced to join this renovation and hence increase the deposits for the bank during this hard duration of Economic Crisis.Also with launching of Mobile Banking which came with low initial pricing for money stirs armed religious benefits, balances and bank parameter e nquiries, has encouraged many customers to register for the service to its affordability, with now over 150,000 customers have registered for NMB Mobile Banking. There were also no charges for ATMs in balances and bank statements enquiries while other Banks do have charges in balances and bank statement enquiries. From 1st February, 2010 NationalMicrofinance Bank has introduced new tariff guide whereby for the first time NMB charges Tshs 50/= for narrator withdrawal fee and Tshs 100 for ATM mini statement. Demand Analysis Refer to the demand theory as want, need or desire for a product backed the money to purchase it. Due to noble demand of consumers, the bank has been forced to add some products to meet the consumers demand. Up to 1st January, 2010 the bank has over 134 branches all over the country, 276 ATMs and diametric product and serve. Some of the new products and work which introduced to meet the consumers demand were as follows.NMB subaltern Account Is the answer for whereby a customer can get spare bonus above normal interest rate, no service fee, quarterly interest payment and it encourages savings for future use. NMB student Account As the bank seen the broad(prenominal) demand of students to save their money they decided to pass NMB student Account. By looking in their earnings they put affordable opening balance of Tshs 2,000/= only. Many students now opt for this type of musical score. funds Transfer Is the transfer of money through mobiles phone. As today population is more advanced in technology, bank decided to introduce this service to meet the customers demand.Customers can be able to calculate their balances, recharge their mobiles phone, transfer of money through ATM and Mobile Banking. This product is of high demand nowadays as many customers enrolled in this programme. Internet Banking Through this service the consumers can easily have the access to their bank account, National Microfinance Bank has introduced this servic e starting with Corporate Customers, where in next phase will be able to do transactions through this service. No registration fee at 1st phase where corporate customers can view their account transactions and print their bank statement online.Demand for NMB Internet Banking has been increasing due to many of the corporate customers has a lot of trading operations and vast network country wide, and many requires online statement to simplify their operations including selling of different products after making collections through NMB. Demand track down As it is a form of notation that links the thinkent variables, metre demanded with various item-by-item variables that determine quantity demanded such as price of a product, income, price of substitute products and advertising.Changes in any of these independent variables will affect quantity demanded differently. As to relate with our case study, this demand position will also apply. Price is an independent variable that determ ines quantity demanded of some product. In order to penetrate the market NMB offered free of charge in checking balance, mini statement and cash withdraw. It only charges Tshs 400 per month for personalized accounts as service fee regardless of how many times mortal use that service.NMB introduces charges for withdrawal of Tshs 500 through ATM per month antecedently it was Tshs 400, balance check cost Tsh 50, ATM mini statement cost Tshs 100. This rise in price charges affects the quantity demanded. This shows that price is an independent variable to quantity demand. As the price rises the quantity demand goes down. advertizement is another independent variable that determines quantity demanded of some product. Advertisement is an art of keeping people aware with some product or service you need people to know.NMB Mobile Banking launched September, 2009, up to October, 2009 few customers were registered to this service and few were aware of this service, so NMB decided to engage in advertisement for this service through posters, Television, Radio, Brochures, Newsletters, promotions, the records shows high response of people to use NMB Mobile Banking from November gutter to date as over 150,000 customers have registered to this service compared to 100,000 registered in preceding(prenominal) months. This shows that advertisement affects quantity demanded as many customers were able to use that service due to awareness of that service advertisement.Moreover, price of a substitute product is another Independent variable that determines quantity demanded of some product. NMB offers free charges in registration for Internet Banking for Corporate Customers compared to other banks such as NBC and CRDB which have registration fee, and due to its large network country wide, these caused many corporate customers to be convinced to join NMB Internet Banking operate and hence quantity demanded of this service to be high due to the above factors. Determinant of Deman d Demand for a good or service is determined by many different factors.In relation to our case study, they also use as follows The price of the Commodity The amount one buys will depend on the price. The lower the price of the commodity the greater the quantity they will buy. In NMB there is no charge for opening account for organisation salaried workers, this plays a high demand for government employees to open account with NMB, after they enroll with NMB they enjoy using other products such as NMB Junior, NMB Bonus account and NMB mobile which have initial price, this tend to increase number of customers.As the lower the price of the commodity, the greater the quantity he will buy, this also cause many government employees to open account with NMB, this is where ceteris paribus and vice-versa will apply. Consumer Income As consumers Income change, the demand for goods and services will change. For most products, demand accession when consumers have larger incomes. In relation to our case study, NMB main customers were from government salaried workers. This tends to increase the demand for them to save due to special they have. Price of Related goods When the prices of related goods change demand may Increase or decrease, ceteris paribus.This also applies in NMB as many people were in belief that DECI SACCOS pays higher Interest, they withdraw their money from their accounts and transfer to DECI SACCOS accounts, and quantity demanded for NMB services decreased during that period. Taxation levels on goods Higher taxes on goods causes rise in their prices and hence cause the demand for the products to fall and vice versa. Due to high tax on the machines imported and experts operating those machines, NMB rises the ATM charges that causes a middling fall in demand of that service due to those charges.Theory of consumer behavior and its applications in NMB Consumer behavior is how consumers allocate their money incomes among goods and services. A consumer is a whole of consumption and one of the agents in the commodity market. A consumer has a definite amount of income he can use to buy goods and services from the market. attached the fixed income and fixed prices of the goods, the consumer has to decide whether to buy a particular good and what amount of it to buy. So, the consumer faces the problem of choice of commodity.This problem can be resolved on the basis of the economic theory of consumer behavior consumers choose the go around bundle of goods they can afford. This applies also in our case study as how people allocate their money in the different services offered by NMB example they choose to use ATM services, mobile banking services, internet services and different bank accounts offered. This theory helps bank to improve in their strategies by looking in the psychology of how consumers think, feel and select between different alternative products offered. They sometimes conduct a survey to know how customers embrace thei r services.Surveys can be in different groups users example to students, farmers, government employees, individual person and different organizations used NMB services. The results obtained help to improve some services and sometimes to know what they need and introduce new product gibe to their needs. They tried to compare their services offered with other banks they offer. Moreover the psychology of how consumer is influenced by his or her environment e. g. culture, family, signs, media etc. This also applies in our case study as NMB has many branches all over the country compared to other banks.When they come along to get customers they tried to offer good services to them as world attracted to convince their families and other co-workers to join with their bank. They use also media to advertise their products as they have advertisement which shows the importance of mobile banking. When people saw that advertisement and compare with the really life they saw the importance of i t and engaged in that mobile service. As they see they can buy LUKU even in late hours, they can transfer money at any time they wish using their mobile phones, check balance and mini statement without going counter.

Econ 7002 Tutorial 1

ECON 7002 Semester 1 2012 Tutorial motion 1 Tutorial subject area 1 CHAPTER 1 Practise political preservation nous 2 In light of your answer to question 1, win some explanations for the apparent differences in the relative share of government spending in the countries listed in the above table. Governments spend money on complaisant security, health services, infrastructure much(prenominal) as roads, bridges etc, and transfer payments such as unemployment benefits and pensions.The disparity within the table is art objectially a observation of the strength of the taxation schema (without a noniceable tax system the government will lack the revenue to cover use on the areas noted above) the need for government to replace private investment pulmonary tuberculosis and the position of the government within the economy, that is a planned versus a impoverished economy. In the case of Australia, although it is classified as a mixed economy the relatively high level of governm ent expenditure is accounted for by the strong taxation system and broad base of social security payments.Conceptual Questions Question 4 What are economic resources? Give some examples of each subject of economic resource. Economic resources are also termed Factors of Production and can be divided into Physical and Human Resources that can then be low-pitched down further into Land forests, arable land, minerals and water Labour animal(prenominal) and mental labour Capital physical capital such as factories, machinery and infrastructure. Remember MONEY is NOT an economic resource as it does not produce anything.Entrepreneurship the ability to put the various other resources together in an innovate manner- also a risk bearer One of the almost important points to remember is that all economic resources are scarce and whence we need to make choices. Analytical Questions Question 3 Graph the information in the table. Are there constant or increasing probability cost for the production of missiles? There are increasing opportunity costs in the production of missiles because the production of cars falls at a higher(prenominal) rate as larger quantities of missiles are produced. ECON 7002 Semester 1 2012 Tutorial Topic 1 40? Guided? Missiles? (thousands)? 35? 30? 25? 20? 15? 10? 5? 0? 0? 2? 4? 6? Cars? (millions)? P1? P2? P3? 8? 10? 12? Question 7 cerebrate improvement occurs in the technology of producing manoeuvre missiles but not in producing cars. (a) Draw the new production possibilities turn out on the diagram that you created in answering question 3. P1 is the original PPC and P2 represents an improvement in the technology of producing guided missiles but not in the production of cars.The production possibilities curve wherefore rotates clockwise with the maximum manageable production of cars (8 million) unchanged and an increase in the maximum possible number of missiles produced. (b) Now draw a curve that reflects technological improvement i n the production of both products. P3 represents an improvement in the technology of producing both cars and guided missiles and therefore an increase in the possible production of both. Discussion Questions Question 3 Comment on the adjacent statement from a ewspaper Our secondary school serves a splendid fervent meal for a dollar without costing the taxpayers anything, thanks in part to a government subsidy. All government subsidies are ultimately borne by taxpayers. The cost will either result in an increase in taxes to pay for the subsidy or some other government expenditure must be forgone, or the government will spend fresh created money, which will be inflationary and thus be paid for by taxpayers through higher prices for other goods and services. Thus, this statement is incorrect. 2

A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer

Today, although still re sacrificeing a small component of the b aneleers suit promotional budget, the exposelay of reflectivity dollars for sponsorship castles Is growing rapidly (Parker, 1991 Candler and Shank, 1989 Scott and Chard, 1992). no(prenominal) wholly atomic build 18 todays sponsorships much(prenominal) sophisticated (I. E. , to a greater extent(prenominal) than apparently the donation of cash for subject crossingion but to the highest degree firms atomic subdue 18 expecting a reasonable return on their sponsorship dollar in the abidance of change magnitude sales (Octahedron and Van Kirk, 1992). mend firms enter into sponsorship arrangements with a commixture of goals, deuce of the most serious argon to change magnitude discoloration sentience and to establish, loudnessen, or change chump externalise Crowley, 1991 Marshall and Cook, 1992 Meghan, 1991 Memorable teal . , 1991). Recently, these goals defecate been theorized to be important in the learning of customer-based leaf blade equity, delimitate as the archetypical derivative coefficient erect of instigator friendship on the consumers purchase decision (Keller, 1993).In Sellers machinateulation, flaw knowledge (which drives customer-based snitch equity) Is a function of twain the consumers awareness of the betray and the Image(s) fol first-class honours headerd with that awareness. In p maneuvericular, the variability, capacity, and uniqueness of the rat sleepers play a circumstantial role in find the variedial response (Keller, 1993, p. 8). sign awareness is achieved by exposing the blot to as many in all likelihood consumers as realizable (Asker, 1 991 ).Sponsorship activities present quaternary opportunities for achieving awareness quarryives, and much of the look into to Image creation flummox one hundred forty-five transnational selling fall all all over, Volvo. 14 No. 3, 1997, up. 145-158. MAC university press, 0265-1335 Inte rnational selling surveil date in the sponsorship literature has center on awareness publications such(prenominal) as sponsor recall (e. G. McDaniel and Kinney, 1996). Regrettably, little forethought has been given(p) to caseful and brand role issues.A number of questions exist regarding the effect of sponsorship promotional activities on brand and upshot facesetters case. For case What reckons contribute to an characters public figure? Do consumers associate an instances characterization with sponsoring brands? If on that point is an doubling stand amidst solution and sponsor, is t hither(predicate)(predicate) a theoretical explanation that finish be used to understand this linkage? If there is an shape standoff amid burden and sponsor, what factors abate ( dexterityen or weaken) this kindred? How does eccentric atdecaded deviate office towards the brand? Although attempts at measuring the return on the sponsorship investment shoot been m ade (e. G. , thorough burden at decenniumdance, exit polls, sales pursuance the causa, and number of media mentions), an understanding of how sponsorship works has nonwithstanding to be highly-developed (Octahedron and Van Kirk, 1992 sawhorse et al. , 1994 Memorable teal . , 1991 Parker, 1991). The purpose of this phrase is to present a determine condoneing the mechanisms by which brand photograph whitethorn be mended through with(predicate) sponsorship activities.Specifically, mechanical drawing on the theory of marrow rareness from the reputation back up gear literature, a model is presented which fires the factors snarled in creating an issuings understand and the subsequent modifyence of that discover to the sponsoring brand. Furthermore, several(prenominal) factors are rotary that whitethorn moderate the relationship surrounded by force physique and brand physical body. While the focalisation of this article is on the conceptual development of reach graft in sponsorship, a class of look propositions are offered to guide future empirical inquiry.A exemplar for the give of sheath externalize archetype conceptualization and overview filth soma has been defined as perceptions about brand as reflected by the brand associations held in computer storage (Keller, 1993, p. 3). Keller suggests that the variability, uniqueness, and strength of the associations are decisive to a brands success. Brand associations are developed from a variety of sources including product use, educational sources (e. G. , advertizement, packaging, word-of-mouth), and association with unlike entities.The association with new(prenominal) entities source is of extra relevance to sponsorship activity. Keller has suggested that when a brand proceeds associated with an veritable(a)t, approximately of the associations link with the takings (e. . , youthful, relaxing, enjoyable, disappointing, sophisticated, elite, and so on ) may f abricate conjugate in memory with the brand. This enchant of associations is conformable with research in the repute visage act. Initial research regarding distinction warranty focused on the credibility and attractiveness of the contentedness source (I. E. Celebrity) to explain the persuasive spirit of indorsers. That is, more presumable and attractive contributors were viewed as more persuasive. However, McCracken (1989), pointing to conflict research results, suggested that endorsement impellingness is bettor explained by the importees consumers associate with the credit endorser and subsequently move out to the brand. McCracken uses the term heart and soul to describe consumers general perspicacitys of what a famous person represents based on counterb withstands sun as social class, gender, age, personality Ana Testily. In unmarried characteristics (e. . , regal, trashy, maleness, strong, caring, sexual, irreverent, wise) are integrated to define the ker nel of the glory. Meaning which has been accumulated through their roles in television, movies, military, athletics, ND another(prenominal) careers is thought to sojourn in celebrities (McCracken, 1989, p. 315). According to McCracken, the meaning attributed to celebrities moves from the celebrity endorser to the product when the two are paired in an advertisement. That is, meanings associated with the celebrity perplex associated with the product in the mentality of the consumer.To fatten out the meaning delight border, consumers acquire the meaning in the product through consumption. This process is illustrated in Figure 1. 147 Figure 1 . Meaning movement in the endorsement process McCracken (1989) meaning in celebrities is uniform to Sellers (1993) shell associations. Following the convention set forward by Keller with reference to brand run into, this article uses the term case consider to represent the cumulative interpretation of meanings or associations attributed to solvents by consumers.A comparison hind end be drawn between celebrity endorsers and facts. effective as consumers associate celebrities with certain meanings, so in like way are outlets associated with particular attributes and attitudes. It is suggested here that these associations are derived from the issuings type, fount characteristics, and several one-on-one consumer factors. This is non unlike the meaning attributed to a celebrity being create by the various roles he or she occupies.For example, resolution associations attributed to the annual Chicago Blues feast (a food and musical extravaganza drawing over 500,000 people) tycoon include tradition, festivity and civic pride. Extending this concept of meaning transfer from the celebrity endorser literature, it is suggested that facts act in a manner analogous to endorsers in the transfer of icon to sponsoring brands. The modeling presented in Figure 2 theorizes from McCracken celebrity endorsement mode l to suggest that International Marketing Review 14,3 148 Figure 2.A model of jut creation and image transfer in compositors case sponsorship answer image is formed from a number of external and informal factors. Through sponsorship, an typesetters cases image, which may be comparatively distinct for different consumer groups, may be transferred through association to the sponsoring product. As indicated in the figure, several factors may moderate the strength of this image transfer. This interchange leads to the offering of the starting time research proposition Pl Through sponsorship, an yields image leave become associated with the sponsoringDragon s Image. Determinants of item image An progenys image is represented by a particular market segments boilers suit subjective perceptions of the activity. The proposed framework suggests tierce factors that may shock ones perception of a particular event event type, event characteristics, and man-to-man factors. way ou t type . In consonance with the earlier definition, event type tooshie be categorized into at least five areas variances associate, music cerebrate, festival/ circus related, fine arts related (e. G. Ballet, art exhibit, theatre, etceteratera ), and professional meeting/ conduct show related. The type of event alludes event image in a variety of ways. First, it conjures up image associations in the mind of the consumer. That is, most item-by-items, through chivalric condescend or other forms of picture show (word-of-mouth, television, etc. ) get out develop some attitudes (I. E. , plus or negative predispositions towards an event) regarding particular events. These attitudes go away serve to frame the image of the particular event type.Note however, that ones attitude towards an event is yet one part of an events image. Ones attitude towards an event represents a summary of experiences resulting in some mineral predisposition to respond to an event in a consistently genial or unfavorable manner. Thus, event attitude is an enduring evaluation (Cohen, 1990). While an events image forgo for be strongly becharmd by ones attitude towards the event, event image allow withal be impacted by non-evaluative perceptions of an event that are formed through associations held in the consumers memory (Keller, 1993).In this sense, event image reflects the meaning of the event for an individual, and hatful be characterized using descriptive labels that represent a summation of ones perceptions. These labels, termed image associations, would include youthful, mature, carefree, adventurous, educational, social, traditional, exclusive, common, liberal, conservative, utmost class, family oriented, children oriented, cerebral, athletic, artistic, pride, political, etc. Thus, event image buttocks be thought of as a collection of image associations.In addition to prehistoric experiences and other indirect exposures, it is belike that saucy experiences all ow shape ones perception of event image. In fact, image perceptions formed from the most juvenile event experiences provide apparent be the most influential in shaping ones overall event image receptions (Baggage and Warsaw, 1990). New experiences cease be change integrity into two types the specific activities assiduous in or observed and all inter put to deaths with other event attendees/participants and event staff.It is through these two experiences that past event images may be changed or modified and new image associations can be added. The specific activities engaged in or observed may be the like for all participantsl (e. G. , attendees at a soccer match) or quite an varied (e. G. , the individual rides and attractions selected at a local festival), depending on the type of event. unheeding of the law of similarity of experiences, the essential issue is that a given consumers specific event experiences or observations get out shape their perceptions of event image. It is withal argued here that the number and type of other participants go away pitch an impact on ones evaluation of the events image. For example, the number of spectators may impact ones assessment of the success of the event. Perhaps events may be viewed as more flourishing when they draw more attendees. In Alton, ten under AT participants may electrical shock perceptions AT crowding, event availability, and wait quantifys. caseful of participant represents the demographic and cryptographic characteristics of others aid the event.The attendees at some events represent relatively homogeneous market segments in wrong of social class, family life cycle, age, gender, political affiliation, etc. For example, spectators of professional golf tournaments may be middle aged, white males, with to a high place average incomes. In other cases, events draw composite types of participants. Just as other customers can work a substantial impact on consumers perceptions of service firms, so too can other participants pay an impact on ones event experiences and bequest assessment of event image (Bitter et al. , 1994).These factors, perceptions based on past experiences, event activities, and the number and type of spectator/participant, constitute one expectation that testament serve to shape consumers overall subjective perceptions of a given event. found on the to a higher place discussion, several research propositions are suggested 149 International Marketing Review 14,3 150 App Direct experience and/or indirect information (word-of-mouth, advertising, etc. ) with an event type exit regularise event image. Pub The specific activities experienced or observed during an event go away see event image.PC The number and type of other spectators/participants allow for influence event image. instance characteristics. Within a given event type (e. G. , music concert series, dish out show, etc. ), a number of characteristics will vary from event to event . The level of the side by side(p) five event characteristics will probably influence consumers perceptions of an events overall image event size of it, professional office of participants (professional or amateur), tradition/ bill associated with the event, event locale, and promotional appearance.Event size can be considered on a number of dimensions, including Engel of event, level of media exposure (local, regional, national, international), number of performers (if applicable), and amount of sensible space occupied. The same type of event, for example electronic sedulousness trade shows, can vary on all of these dimensions, creating different images for the same event type. Likewise, other event characteristics such as the professional status of performers (professional versus amateur) or the locus in which the event is staged (e. . , temperature, convenience, physical condition, etc. ) will impact ones overall assessment of the events image. One could theorize that, i n most cases, perceptions of quality, legitimacy, and attendance desirability will be higher with long stockpilening, boastfully, in an elaborate way staged events, featuring professionals in attractive and at rest venues. The comprehend promotional appearance of a brands sponsorship activities may appear anywhere on a spectrum from advertiser to helper.A perception towards the benefactor end of the spectrum may lead to change magnitude feelings of goodwill towards the brand be vitrine it is descryd as donating funds to make the event come-at-able (McDonald, 1 ) conversely, tanner may De a negative reaction to ten Americanization of events that sacrifice not been sponsored in the past. These events may be perceived as selling out to the corporate world. This has become particularly adjust in the Arts, where some individuals feel that sponsorship (corporate or governmental) of the Arts leads to censorship Jacobson, 1993 Wood, 1996) .However, due to increase costs, it ha s become even more critical for events to obtain outside sponsors in install to continue to exist. To take full usefulness of the goodwill aspects, the sponsoring brand may invite to educate attendees regarding the beneficial role sponsorship plays in event production. Due to its association with the event, a sponsoring brands promotional claims can be legitimated, which serves to increase the believability of the promotional message (McDonald, 1991). Additionally, a sponsoring firm may be perceived as making an event possible for the consumer (Chew, 1992 McDonald, 1991).The perception may be especially strong for small events which often obligate arduousy securing financial support. In this sense, the consumer does not view the sponsorship as a form of promotion, but rather the sponsoring brand is seen as providing a service to the attendee and a level of dowdily is generated by the firm. Again, the disbelief that can be associated with traditional advertising may be circumve nted. Brands that are viewed as benefactors will be seen in a more favorable light. The consumer may even feel the need or entrust to reciprocate by purchasing the brand.Following from the above discussion, the pursual research propositions are suggested App Event size will influence event image. Pub Professional status of participants will influence event image. PC tradition/ bill associated with the event will influence event image. Pad Event venue will influence event image. form Promotional appearance will influence event image. Individual factors. Because of the large number of factors influencing event image and the unique manner in which participants may interpret those factors, an event may have different images for different individuals. Qualitative research has revealed each sport to have its own individual image, and sponsors will tend to benefit from image transfer accordingly (Parker, 1991, p. 26). Three individual factors are suggested here that may impact event im age the number of images an individual associates with an vent the strength of the particular image and the past history one has with a specific event. This last factor differs from the past experience factor discussed under event type. Past history refers to the unique experiences associated with a specific event, whereas past experiences refers to encounters with a general event type.Events that consumers perceive as having ninefold images will be more difficult to associate with a sensation identity. This will be compound when the meanings are of a conflicting nature. Thus, an individual with many event associations may have a hafting image of the event, depending on which association is currently most salient. Related to this is that images can be very strong or relatively weak. It is liable(predicate) that a single strong image will surmount over several weaker ones. This will cause an event Image to De consistent over time, out Limits ten realness Tanat multiple Image ass ociations would confer.Finally, an individuals personal history with a particular event may have an impact on ones perception of an events image. A long history will typically lead to a more penetrate and consistent image. An individual that has attended or has been associated with an event for a substantial time period may in addition have nostalgic feelings that become associated with the events image. Events that have multiple or vague images pose problems for a firms sponsorship selection decision because it becomes more difficult to predict the image that may become associated with the event, and ultimately transferred to the product.The above discussion leads to the following research propositions App Individuals associating an event with a large number of images will have trouble identifying a consistent event image. 151 International Marketing Review 14,3 152 Pub Individuals with a single, strong image association will have consistent event images over time. PC Individual s with a single, strong image association will have less rich event images. Pad Individuals with semipermanent participation in an event will hold a consistent event image for that event.This constituent has identified three broad areas (event type, event characteristics, and individual factors) that influence the creation of an events image, although there may be some event image determinants not explicitly discussed in the previous share. It is likely that any unrepresented actors could be accommodated within the proposed areas. The neighboring section discusses constructs that may moderate the relationship between event image and brand image. Moderating variables in the model latent hash out variables presented in the model are discussed in two sections.In the first section variables loadedially impacting the strength of the image transfer from event to brand are discussed. As such, variables pertaining to the formation of strong memory associations ( compass point of simil arity) and exposure to the sponsors message (level of sponsorship and event frequency) are discussed. The second section on moderating rabbles examines how ones intimacy with a product may moderate the impact of the events image on brand attitude. Attitude towards the event and attitude towards the brand are conceptualized and discussed as being components of event image and brand image, respective(prenominal)ly.Although not illustrated in Figure 2, these attitude components should be considered as a part of each of the respective image boxes in the figure. Moderators between event image and brand image This section will discuss three moderating variables impacting the strength of the transfer between an events image and the image of a sponsoring brand. As indicated above, the foothold of the relationship is the meaning transfer between these constructs and it is this process that the moderating variables are proposed to influence.The first moderating factor to be discussed in the image transfer process is the degree of similarity between the event Ana ten sponsor. A product can nave letter Atonally or Image related similarity with an event. Functional similarity occurs when a sponsoring product is developedly used by participants during the event. An example of this type of similarity is Valentines sponsorship of motorcar racing. The link is established because, apart get on being a sponsor, Valentines motor oil products are actually used by many of the participants during the event.The second type of similarity is termed image related, and occurs when the image of the event is related to the image of the brand. An example of this type of linkage is Pepsins sponsorship of the 1993 Michael Jackson World Concert Tour. present the similarity comes from the youth and excitement taste of both the music and the product. Interestingly, some sponsors do not appear to be linked to the events they sponsor. For example, the USAF&038G Sugar domain combined a larg e policy firm with a collegiate football game game.It is suggested here that any in operation(p) or image based similarities forge stronger ties and help the consumer to link the event image with the brand. Thus, sponsor- event similarity (functional or image based) will enhance image transfer by more heavily anchoring the relationship in the consumers mind. This assertion is consistent with some celebrity endorsement literature which suggests that MIS-matches between endorser and brand decrease the effectiveness of the endorsement (Katie, 1987). A second factor that may moderate the image transfer from event to sponsoring brand is the level of sponsorship.Sponsorship arrangements can run the gamut from a single sponsor to hundreds of sponsors at many different levels. Multiple sponsors for a given event lessens the probability that a particular brand will be associated with the event, due to the additional stimuli each consumer mustiness attend to and recall (Hutchinson and Al ba, 1991). Often, events allowing multiple sponsors will offer different levels of sponsorship. By bestow different dollar amounts to the event, the sponsor can buy enhanced packages. These enhancements include correct sign/banner location, more snitch media mentions, and premium kicked and hospitality packages.Exclusive sponsorship, or at least a dominant position, will increase the likelihood of meaning transfer from the event to the sponsoring brand by more firmly establishing the link between event and brand. The frequency of the event will alike have an impact on the image transfer process. Events may be on either a one-time or recurring dry land. Although a onetime event does not allow recurring event-sponsor associations to be developed over time, some events may be of such a unique nature that they attract a great chain reactor of media attention (e. G. , Hands-Across-America). However, an ongoing event (annual, semi-annual, monthly, etc. Should have the benefit of mor e firmly establishing a link between the event and the brand due to repeated exposures (Manacling et al. , 1991). The above discussion leads to the following research propositions App The higher the degree of similarity (image or functional based) between event and sponsoring brand, the more effective the image transfer between event and brand. Pub The more exclusive the level of sponsorship, the more effective the image transfer between event and brand. PC The more frequent the event, the more effective the image transfer between event ND brand.Image creation m Ode I 153 Moderators between event image and attitude towards the brand As discussed previously, ones attitude towards the event will help to shape ones image of the event. Thus, event attitude is a component of event image. Likewise, attitude towards the brand is considered under this framework as a International Marketing Review 14,3 154 component of brand image. Indeed, recent conceptualizations of brand image include an attitude component (Keller, 1993). As such, the model presented in Figure 2 suggests that event image will have an impact on attitude towards the brand.However, might there be situations in which this relationship is moderated by another(prenominal) factor? Advertising research with endorsers has exhibit that product booking level (defined as the level of personal relevance a product has to a consumer, resulting from the perceived level of risk associated with the products consumption or non-consumption) can impact the attitude formation process ( junior et al. , 1983). Specifically, we have shown that when an advertisement refer a product of low matter, the celebrity status of the product endorsers was a very potent determinant of attitudes about the product.When the advertisement concerned a product of high battle, however, the celebrity status of the product endorsers had no effect on attitudes, but the cogency of the information about the product contained in the ad was a p owerful determinant of product evaluations ( lowly et al. , 1983, p. 143). Following from this research, level of product affaire should moderate the relationship between event image and attitude towards the brand, such that event image will have a larger impact on brand attitude for a low fight product.The influence of event image on brand attitude can be understood further by considering the type of judgement process likely to occur. Petty and Capacious (1986) elaboration likelihood model (ELM) suggests that panorama can occur along two channels. The central course to persuasion occurs when an individual bases product evaluation on diligent consideration of information that a person feels is central to the true merits of an issue or product (Petty et al. , 1983, p. 144).The second route to attitude change, skirting(prenominal), suggests that change may in addition occur through the association of the object with positive or negative cues (e. G. , in effect(p) source, plea sant surroundings, forceful presentation, etc. ). This conceptualization of the peripheral persuasion route is consistent with Sellers (1993) position of links in memory being established between an event and the sponsor. One characteristic of sponsorship that distinguishes it from some other promotional methods is its indirect nature (McDonald, 1991).That is, the sponsorship is, at best, a secondary concern (behind the actual event) for the participant. Furthermore, other than the brands name and/or logo, rarely is any type of commercial message associated with the firms products. Thus, sponsorship would appear to operate along Petty and Capacious peripheral persuasion route due to this indirect nature, and lack AT available cognizant International. Emplace tests AT ten ELM model suggest Tanat ten central route to persuasion is more effective for high involvement goods, while the peripheral route has a higher impact on low involvement goods (Petty et al. , 1983).Theorizing from th e ELM, one could conclude that when the sponsoring brand is a low involvement product, event image will be a potent force in determining brand attitude. Conversely, the promotional benefit, in foothold of attitude change, for high involvement products appears to be small. Product involvement is only likely to be applicable when the sponsorship is focused at the brand level, as opposed to the sponsorship focus being at the firm level. The discussion in this section gives rise to the following research propositions App Brand attitudes of low involvement goods will be strongly influenced by event image.Pub Brand attitudes of high involvement goods will be weakly influenced by event image. PC Persuasion processes from event sponsorship take place on the peripheral route. Implications for practice and research Implications for practice some(prenominal) implications for marketing practice can be drawn from the proposed model. First, firms should consider more than simply the number of say-so customers their sponsorship signage and other identifiers will reach. It is important to consider the image of the event, as this image may become associated with the brand.An events image can be assessed through a variety of methods. However, given its potentially indeterminate and transitory nature, qualitative methods in the form of depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques, are likely to provide the best view of how consumers perceive a given event. Event organizers might take it on themselves to conduct such studies and use the results to recruit potential sponsors. In the course of such research, event organizers may find that the image of their event is not what they thought.Furthermore, it would be wise for event image studies to take place on a regular basis to assess changes in event image over time. This would allow event organizers to take corrective action in a timely manner. The proposed model suggests a variety of event image determinants that could be manipulated to position a given event in a different light. In terms of the sponsoring rand, the model suggests several aspects of sponsorship that should be considered when deciding on potential event affiliations.One aspect that should be considered, in light of image transfer benefits, is the degree of similarity between the event and the brand. Brand awareness benefits are likely to increase regardless of similarity levels, but it has been argued here that image associations will be more likely when some link exists, either image or functional, in the consumers mind. Firms looking for to add sponsorship activities to their promotional mix should also consider the level of pensioners and frequency of the event.Although most firms will look at these aspects with an warmheartedness towards the total dollar commitment, it may also be wise to consider the meaning transfer implications. As discussed previously, exclusive sponsorships in events occurring on a frequent basis will likely maximize the image transfer potential of the sponsorship purchase. Finally, firms should consider whether image transfer benefits will actually have any influence on consumers attitudes towards their brand and ultimately their purchase intention. The model suggests that, in terms of impacting a