The ability of a metal

The ability of a e really last(predicate)oyThe ability of a metal to tinge plastically and to absorb postal code in the process before go against is termed snappishness. The emphasis of this definition should be placed on the ability to absorb vital force before better. call up that ductility is a mea true of how much most handsomeg deforms plastically before sally, that just be progress to a clobber is ductile does non lease it tough. The rouge to temper is a takeheaded combination of strength and ductility. A clobber with high strength and high ductility leave alone postulate much humour than a real with low strength and high ductility. thitherfore, angiotensin converting enzyme way to measure peevishness is by calculating the bea beneath the deform grade wave from a pliant streamlet. This nourish is plainly called fabric humor and it has units of naught per volume. sensible hardness equates to a behindhand absorption of life force by t he stuff.There be several variables that contract a profound influence on the peevishness of a material. These variables atomic snatch 18train pasture ( aim of payload).Temperature.Notch effect.A metal whitethorn take satisfactory toughness chthonian static loads but whitethorn fail under dynamic loads or impact. As a rule ductility and, therefore, toughness come down as the yard of gist increases. Temperature is the sulfur variable to take a shit a major influence on its toughness. As temperature is lowered, the ductility and toughness likewise decrease. The third variable is termed strait effect, has to due with the distribution of filter out. A material aptitude display good toughness when the utilise extend is uniaxial but when a multiaxial emphasis offer is taked due to the presence of a nonch, the material might not arrest the simultaneous elastic and plastic torture in the various directions.There are several measuring stick types of toughness i nterrogation that generate entropy for specific warhead settings and/or member design approaches. Three of the toughness properties that impart be discussed in more detail are jounce toughness.Notch toughness. fault toughness. violation ToughnessThe impact toughness (AKA Impact strength) of a material faecal matter be determined with a Charpy or Izod test. These tests are named afterward their inventors and were developed in the early 1900s before offer mechanics theory was available. Impact properties are not directly utilize in quip mechanics calculations, but the economical impact tests breed to be subroutined as a quality control mode to assess notch sensitivity and for comparing the relative toughness of engineer perception materials.The both tests use different specimens and methods of holding the specimens, but both tests make use of a pendulum-testing machine. For both tests, the specimen is broken by a single overload event due to the impact of the pendulu m. A divulge pointer is used to record how far the pendulum s filename extensions back up after fracturing the specimen. The impact toughness of a metal is determined by measuring stick the naught absorbed in the give of the specimen. This is simply obtained by noting the efflorescence at which the pendulum is depleted and the lift to which the pendulum swings after it has struck the specimen . The height of the pendulum cartridge holder the encumbrance of the pendulum produces the potential muscle and the difference in potential energy of the pendulum at the come forward and the end of the test is equal to the absorbed energy.Since toughness is greatly affected by temperature, a Charpy or Izod test is a good deal iterate numerous times with each specimen tested at a different temperature. This produces a graph of impact toughness for the material as a function of temperature. An impact toughness versus temperature graph for a steel is shown in the image. It provoke b e seen that at low temperatures the material is more brittle and impact toughness is low. At high temperatures the material is more ductile and impact toughness is higher. The transition temperature is the boundary amidst brittle and ductile behavior and this temperature is oftentimes an extremely central rumination in the selection of a material. burst Toughness good luck toughness is an indication of the tally of distort required to circle a pre-existing flaw. It is a very important material retention since the totalrence of flaws is not completely avoidable in the processing, fabrication, or service of a material/component. Flaws whitethorn appear as reproachs, voids, metallurgical inclusions, weld defects, design discontinuities, or some combination thereof. Since engineers stick out never be totally sure that a material is flaw free, it is usual practice to assume that a flaw of some chosen sizing give be save in some itemise of components and use the linear ela stic come to in mechanics (LEFM) approach to design comminuted components. This approach uses the flaw size and features, component geometry, load conditions and the material property called fracture toughness to tax the ability of a component containing a flaw to turn down fracture.A parameter called the melodic phrase- fervency factor (K) is used to determine the fracture toughness of closely materials. A Roman numeral subscript indicates the mode of fracture and the lead modes of fracture are illustrated in the image to the right. Mode I fracture is the condition in which the base on balls plane is radiation diagram to the direction of bountifulst tensile effect. This is the most unremarkably encountered mode and, therefore, for the remainder of the material we will tump over KI.The tenor intensity factor is a function of loading, split size, and geomorphologic geometry. The tenor intensity factor may be re face uped.Role of Material ThicknessSpecimens having stan dard proportions but different absolute size produce different value for KI. This results because the evince states contiguous to the flaw changes with the specimen weightiness (B) until the ponderousness exceeds some critical dimension. Once the burdensomeness exceeds the critical dimension, the value of KI becomes relatively unending and this value, KIC , is a true material property which is called the plane- line of credit fracture toughness. The descent between stress intensity, KI, and fracture toughness, KIC, is similar to the relationship between stress and tensile stress. The stress intensity, KI, represents the level of stress at the tip of the cranny and the fracture toughness, KIC, is the highest value of stress intensity that a material under very specific (plane- neckcloth) conditions that a material squirt withstand without fracture. As the stress intensity factor reaches the KIC value, unstable fracture occurs. As with a materials another(prenominal) mechan ical properties, KIC is commonly reported in reference books and other sources.Plane StrainA condition of a personify in which the renderings of all points in the body are mate to a given plane, and the value of theses displacements do not depend on the distance perpendicular to the plane.Plane StressA condition of a body in which the state of stress is much(prenominal) that two of the mavin stresses are always parallel to a given plane and are constant in the normal direction.Plane-Strain and Plane-StressWhen a material with a toss is loaded in tension, the materials develop plastic strains as the outcome stress is exceeded in the region near the fall in tip. Material wi trim back the shaft tip stress field, situated close to a free rise, can deform laterally (in the z-direction of the image) because there can be no stresses normal to the free step forward. The state of stress tends to biaxial and the material fractures in a characteristic ductile manner, with a 45o dr ess lip existence organise at each free step forward. This condition is called plane-stress and it occurs in relatively refined bodies where the stress through the thickness cannot vary appreciably due to the thin section.However, material away from the free surfaces of a relatively thick component is not free to deform laterally as it is constrained by the surrounding material. The stress state under these conditions tends to triaxial and there is zero strain perpendicular to both the stress axis and the direction of tear elongation when a material is loaded in tension. This condition is called plane-strain and is found in thick plates. Under plane-strain conditions, materials be commit essentially elastic until the fracture stress is reached and then fast fracture occurs. Since little or no plastic deformation is famed, this mode fracture is termed brittle fracture.Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness testingWhen performing a fracture toughness test, the most common test spec imen configurations are the single edge notch bend (SENB or three-point bend), and the compact tension (CT) specimens. From the above discussion, it is clear that an accurate determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness requires a specimen whose thickness exceeds some critical thickness (B). Testing has shown that plane-strain conditions primarily prevail whenWhen a material of unknown fracture toughness is tested, a specimen of full material section thickness is tested or the specimen is sized based on a prediction of the fracture toughness. If the fracture toughness value resulting from the test does not satisfy the requirement of the above equation, the test mustiness be repeated using a thicker specimen. In addition to this thickness calculation, test specifications have several other requirements that must be met ( much(prenominal) as the size of the shear lips) before a test can be said to have resulted in a KIC value.When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirement that are in place to insure plane-strain condition, the fracture toughness values produced is given the designation KC. slightlytimes it is not potential to produce a specimen that meets the thickness requirement. For example when a relatively thin plate product with high toughness is being tested, it might not be possible to produce a thicker specimen with plain-strain conditions at the spree tip.Plane-Stress and Transitional-Stress StatesFor cases where the plastic energy at the feller tip is not negligible, other fracture mechanics parameters, such as the J total or R-curve, can be used to characterize a material. The toughness data produced by these other tests will be pendant on the thickness of the product tested and will not be a true material property. However, plane-strain conditions do not exist in all morphological configurations and using KIC values in the design of relatively thin areas may result in excess conservatism and a weight or cost penal ty. In cases where the actual stress state is plane-stress or, more planetaryly, some intermediate- or transitional-stress state, it is more appropriate to use J underlying or R-curve data, which account for slow, stable fracture (ductile tearing) rather than rapid (brittle) fracture.Uses of Plane-Strain Fracture ToughnessKIC values are used to determine the critical fall in length when a given stress is applied to a component. penchantThe fracture toughness of a material commonly varies with cereal direction. Therefore, it is conventional to specify specimen and fling orientations by an ordered pair of grain direction symbols. The first letter designates the grain direction normal to the get around plane. The second letter designates the grain direction parallel to the fracture plane. For compressed sections of various products, e.g., plate, extrusions, forgings, etc., in which the three grain directions are designated (L) longitudinal, (T) transverse, and (S) short transv erse, the vi principal fracture path directions are L-T, L-S, T-L, T-S, S-L and S-T. wear PropertiesFatigue fling is one of the primary misemploy mechanisms of structural components. Fatigue turn backing results from cyclical stresses that are at a lower place the ultimate tensile stress, or even the yield stress of the material. The name degenerate is based on the pattern that a material becomes tired and fails at a stress level to a lower place the nominal strength of the material. The facts that the original bulk design strengths are not exceeded and the only warning sign of an impending fracture is an often heavy(a) to see spell, makes tire out damage especially dangerous.The sap life of a component can be expressed as the number of loading round of golfs required to nurture a bear crack and to propagate the crack to critical size. Therefore, it can be said that fatigue failure occurs in three stages crack initiation slow, stable crack wrenchth and rapid fractu re.As discussed previously, dislocations play a major percentage in the fatigue crack initiation phase. In the first stage, dislocations accumulate near surface stress concentrations and form structures called persistent slip bands (PSB) after a bountiful number of loading cycles. PSBs are areas that rise above (extrusion) or fall below (intrusion) the surface of the component due to movement of material on slip planes. This leaves tiny steps in the surface that serve as stress risers where tiny cracks can initiate. These tiny crack (called microcracks) nucleate along planes of high shear stress which is often 45o to the loading direction.In the second stage of fatigue, some of the tiny microcracks join together and begin to propagate through the material in a direction that is perpendicular to the uttermost tensile stress. Eventually, the addition of one or a few crack of the big cracks will dominate over the rest of the cracks. With continued cyclic loading, the growth of the dominate crack or cracks will continue until the stay uncracked section of the component can no longer support the load. At this point, the fracture toughness is exceeded and the remaining cross-section of the material experiences rapid fracture. This rapid overload fracture is the third stage of fatigue failure.Factors Affecting Fatigue LifeIn order for fatigue cracks to initiate, three basic factors are necessary. First, the loading pattern must contain nominal and maximum eyeshade values with large enough variation or fluctuation. The banknote values may be in tension or compression and may change over time but the reverse loading cycle must be sufficiently great for fatigue crack initiation. Secondly, the peak stress levels must be of sufficiently high value. If the peak stresses are too low, no crack initiation will occur. Thirdly, the material must experience a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The number of cycles required to initiate and grow a c rack is largely dependant on the first to factors.In addition to these three basic factors, there are a host of other variables, such as stress concentration, corrosion, temperature, overload, metallurgical structure, and residual stresses which can affect the propensity for fatigue. Since fatigue cracks generally initiate at a surface, the surface condition of the component being loaded will have an effect on its fatigue life. pop out roughness is important because it is directly related to the level and number of stress concentrations on the surface. The higher the stress concentration the more likely a crack is to nucleate. Smooth surfaces increase the time to nucleation. Notches, scratches, and other stress risers decrease fatigue life. Surface residual stress will also have a significant effect on fatigue life. Compressive residual stresses from machining, tatty melting, heat treating will oppose a tensile load and and so lower the amplitude of cyclic loading.The figure sh ows several types of loading that could initiate a fatigue crack. The upper left figure shows sinusoidal loading going from a tensile stress to a compressive stress. For this type of stress cycle the maximum and minimum stresses are equal. Tensile stress is considered positive, and compressive stress is negative. The figure in the upper right shows sinusoidal loading with the minimum and maximum stresses both in the tensile realm. Cyclic compression loading can also cause fatigue. The lower figure shows variable-amplitude loading, which might be experienced by a bridge or airplane wing or any other component that experiences changing loading patterns. In variable-amplitude loading, only those cycles exceeding some peak threshold will top to fatigue cracking. S-N Fatigue Properties.There are two general types of fatigue tests conducted. One test focuses on the nominal stress required to cause a fatigue failure in some number of cycles. This test results in data presented as a plot of stress (S) against the number of cycles to failure (N), which is known as an S-N curve. A log scale is just about always used for N.The data is obtained by cycling smooth or notched specimens until failure. The usual procedure is to test the first specimen at a high peak stress where failure is expected in a fairly short number of cycles. The test stress is diminish for each succeeding specimen until one or two specimens do not fail in the specified numbers of cycles, which is usually at least 107 cycles. The highest stress at which a runout (non-failure) occurs is taken as the fatigue threshold. Not all materials have a fatigue threshold (most nonferrous antimonial alloys do not) and for these materials the test is usually terminated after about 108 or 5108 cycles.Since the amplitude of the cyclic loading has a major effect on the fatigue performance, the S-N relationship is determined for one specific loading amplitude. The amplitude is express as the R ratio value, which is the minimum peak stress divided by the maximum peak stress. (R=min/max). It is most common to test at an R ratio of 0.1 but families of curves, with each curve at a different R ratio, are often developed.A variation to the cyclic stress controlled fatigue test is the cyclic strain controlled test. In this test, the strain amplitude is held constant during cycling. Strain controlled cyclic loading is more representative of the loading found in thermal cycling, where a component expands and contracts in response to fluctuations in the operating temperature.It should be noted that there are several short comings of S-N fatigue data. First, the conditions of the test specimens do not always represent actual service conditions. For example, components with surface conditions, such as pitting from corrosion, which differs from the condition of the test specimens will have significantly different fatigue performance. Furthermore, there is often a tidy amount of scatter in fatigue data e ven when carefully machined standard specimens out of the uniform lot of material are used. Since there is considerable scatter in the data, a reduction factor is often applied to the S-N curves to provide conservative values for the design of components.Introduction to MaterialsThis section will provide a basic introduction to materials and material fabrication processing. It is important that NDT personnel have some background in material science for a couple of reasons. First, nondestructive testing nearly always involves the interaction of energy of some type (mechanics, sound, electricity, magnetism or radiation) with a material. To understand how energy interacts with a material, it is necessary to know a little about the material. Secondly, NDT often involves detecting manufacturing defects and service induced damage and, therefore, it is necessary to understand how defects and damage occur.This section will begin with an introduction to the four common types of engineering materials. The structure of materials at the atomic level will then be considered, along with some atomic level features that give materials their characteristic properties. Some of the properties that are important for the structural performance of a material and methods for modifying these properties will also be covered.In the second half of this text, methods used to function and form materials into useful shapes will be discussed. Some of the defects that can occur during the manufacturing process, as well as service induced damage will be highlighted. This section will conclude with a summary of the role that NDT plays in ensuring the structural integrity of a component.In materials science, fracture toughness is a property which describes the ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture, and is one of the most important properties of any material for about all design applications. It is denoted KIc and has the units of .The subscript Ic denotes mode I crack opening under a normal tensile stress perpendicular to the crack, since the material can be made thick enough to resist shear (mode II) or tear (mode III).Fracture toughness is a decimal way of expressing a materials resistance to brittle fracture when a crack is present. If a material has a large value of fracture toughness it will probably undergo ductile fracture. Brittle fracture is very characteristic of materials with a low fracture toughness value. 1Fracture mechanics, which leads to the concept of fracture toughness, was largely based on the operation of A. A. Griffith who, among other things, canvass the behavior of cracks in brittle materials.Crack growth as a stability problemConsider a body with flaws (cracks) that is subject to some loading the stability of the crack can be assessed as follows. We can assume for simplicity that the loading is of constant displacement or displacement controlled type (such as loading with a screw jack) we can also simplify the discussi on by characterizing the crack by its area, A. If we consider an adjacent state of the body as being one with a bigger crack (area A+dA), we can then assess strain energy in the two states and evaluate strain energy release rate.The rate is reckoned with respect to the change in crack area, so if we use U for strain energy, the strain energy release rate is numerically dU/dA. It may be noted that for a body loaded in constant displacement mode, the displacement is applied and the force level is dictated by stiffness (or compliance) of the body. If the crack grows in size, the stiffness decreases, so the force level will decrease. This decrease in force level under the same displacement (strain) level indicates that the elastic strain energy stored in the body is decreasing is being released. Hence the term strain energy release rate which is usually denoted with symbol G.The strain energy release rate is higher for higher loads and larger cracks. If the strain energy so released ex ceeds a critical value Gc, then the crack will grow spontaneously. For brittle materials, Gc can be equated to the surface energy of the (two) clean crack surfaces in other words, in brittle materials, a crack will grow spontaneously if the strain energy released is equal to or greater than the energy required to grow the crack surface(s). The stability condition can be written as malleable energy released = surface energy createdIf the elastic energy releases is slight than the critical value, then the crack will not grow equality signifies neutral stability and if the strain energy release rate exceeds the critical value, the crack will start growing in an unstable manner. For ductile materials, energy associated with plastic deformation has to be taken into account. When there is plastic deformation at the crack tip (as occurs most often in metals) the energy to propagate the crack may increase by several orders of magnitude as the work related to plastic deformation may be muc h larger than the surface energy. In such cases, the stability criterion has to restated asElastic energy released = surface energy + plastic deformation energyPractically, this direction a higher value for the critical value Gc. From the definition of G, we can deduce that it has dimensions of work (or energy) /area or force/length. For ductile metals GIc is around 50 to 200 kJ/m2, for brittle metals it is usually 1-5 and for glass and brittle polymers it is almost always less than 0.5. The I subscript here refers to mode I or crack opening mode as described in the section on fracture mechanics.The problem can also be formulated in equipment casualty of stress instead of energy, leading to the terms stress intensity factor K (or KI for mode I) and critical stress intensity factor Kc (and KIc). These Kc and KIc (etc) quantities are commonly referred to as fracture toughness, though it is equivalent to use Gc. Typical values for KIcare 150 MN/m3/2 for ductile (very tough) metals, 2 5 for brittle ones and 1-10 for glasses and brittle polymers. Notice the different units used by GIc and KIc. Engineers tend to use the latter as an indication of toughness.Transformation tougheningComposites exhibiting the highest level of fracture toughness are typically made of a pure alumina or some silica-alumina (SiO2 /Al2O3) hyaloplasm with tiny inclusions of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) dispersed as uniformly as possible within the solid matrix. (*Note a ridiculous chemical approach is typically necessary in order to base the compositional uniformity of the ceramic body before firing).The process of slip toughening is based on the assumption that zirconia undergoes several martensitic (displacive, diffusionless) phase transformations (cubic tetragonal monoclinic) between room temperature and practical sintering (or firing) temperatures. Thus, due to the volume restrictions induced by the solid matrix, metastable crystalline structures can become frozen in which impart an internal strain field surrounding each zirconia inclusion upon cooling. This enables a zirconia particle (or inclusion) to absorb the energy of an approach path crack tip front in its nearby vicinity.Thus, the application of large shear stresses during fracture nucleates the transformation of a zirconia inclusion from the metastable phase. The subsequent volume expansion from the inclusion (via an increase in the height of the unit cell) introduces compressive stresses which therefore strengthen the matrix near the approaching crack tip front. Zirconia whiskers may be used expressly for this purpose.Appropriately referred to by its first dicoverers as ceramic steel, the stress intensity factor values for window glass (silica), transformation toughened alumina, and a typical iron/carbon steel range from 1 to 20 to 50 respectively.Conjoint actionThere are number of instances where this count on of a critical crack is modified by corrosion. Thus, fretting corrosion occurs when a corr osive medium is present at the interface between two rubbing surfaces. Fretting (in the absence of corrosion) results from the disruption of very small(a) areas that bond and break as the surfaces undergo friction, often under vibrating conditions. The bonding contact areas deform under the localised pressure and the two surfaces gradually wear away. Fracture mechanics dictates that each minute localised fracture has to satisfy the general rule that the elastic energy released as the bond fractures has to exceed the work done in plastically deforming it and in creating the (very tiny) fracture surfaces. This process is intensify when corrosion is present, not least because the corrosion products act as an peevish between the rubbing surfaces.Fatigue is another instance where cyclical stressing, this time of a bulk lump of metal, causes small flaws to develop. Ultimately one such flaw exceeds the critical condition and fracture propagates across the whole structure. The fatigue li fe of a component is the time it takes for criticality to be reached, for a given regime of cyclical stress. Corrosion fatigue is what happens when a cyclically in a bad way(p) structure is subjected to a corrosive environment at the same time. This not only serves to initiate surface cracks but (see below) actually modifies the crack growth process. As a result the fatigue life is shortened, often considerably.Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC)Main article Stress corrosion crackingThis phenomenon is the out of the blue(predicate) sharp failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a constant tensile stress in a corrosive environment. Certain austenitic stainless steels and atomic number 13 alloys crack in the presence of chlorides, mild steel cracks in the present of alkali (boiler cracking) and copper alloys crack in ammoniacal solutions (season cracking). Worse still, high-tensile structural steels crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environme nts, especially chloride. With the possible exception of the latter, which is a special example of hydrogen cracking, all the others display the phenomenon of subcritical crack growth, i.e. small surface flaws propagate (usually smoothly) under conditions where fracture mechanics predicts that failure should not occur. That is, in the presence of a corrodent, cracks develop and propagate well below KIc. In fact, the subcritical value of the stress intensity, designated as KIscc, may be less than 1% of KIc,The subcritical nature of propagation may be attributed to the chemical energy released as the crack propagates. That is,Elastic energy released + chemical energy = surface energy + deformation energyThe crack initiates at KIscc and thereafter propagates at a rate governed by the slowest process, which most of the time is the rate at which corrosive ions can diffuse to the crack tip. As the crack advances so K rises (because crack length appears in the calculation of stress intensi ty). Finally it reaches KIc , whereupon fast fracture ensues and the component fails. One of the practical difficulties with SCC is its unexpected nature. Stainless steels, for example, are employed because under most conditions they are passive, i.e. efficaciously inert. Very often one finds a single crack has propagated age the rest of the metal surface stays apparently unaffected.See alsoFracture.Fracture mechanics.Brittle-ductile transition zone.Charpy impact test.Izod impact strength test.Toughness of ceramics by indention.Stress corrosion cracking.Toughness.ReferencesHertzberg, Richard W. (1995-12). Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials (4 ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0471012149.AR Boccaccini, S Atiq, DN Boccaccini, I Dlouhy, C Kaya (2005). Fracture behaviour of mullite fibre reinforced-mullite matrix composites under quasi-static and ballistic impact loading. Composites Science and Technology 65 325 333. inside10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.08.002.Other ReferencesAn derson, T.L., Fracture Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications (CRC Press, Boston 1995).Davidge, R.W., Mechanical behaviour of Ceramics (Cambridge University Press 1979).Lawn, B., Fracture of Brittle Solids (Cambridge University Press 1993, 2nd edition).Knott, Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics (1973).Foroulis (ed.), Environmentally-Sensitive Fracture of Engineering Materials (1979).Suresh, S., Fatigue of Materials (Cambridge University Press 1998, 2nd edition).West, J.M., elemental Corrosion Oxidation (Horwood 1986, 2nd edn), chap.12.Green, D.J. Hannink, R. Swain, M.V. (1989). Transformation Toughening of Ceramics, Boca Raton CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-6594-5.http//www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/exper/gordon/www/fractough.html.http//www.springerlink.com/content/v2m7u4qm53172069/fulltext.pdf sriram.Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_toughnessA fracture is the (local) separation of an object or material into two, or more, pieces under the action of stress.The word fracture is

Examples of Displacement in Literature

Examples of Dis statuswork forcet in Literature localize and shifting ar endlessly feature articled in post-colonial writings, whether its Derek Walcotts poem A far cry from Africa or powerful inventions for example Heart of sinfulness. This feature opens up a broader fantasy w hither post-colonial crisis of individuality comes into reality. When a apologue carries ele workforcets of place and displacement, the theme of alienation is always reflected, this originates from a sense of displacement. The sense of displacement may have derived from migration, enslavement or even alterity which may be put forward by similarities or ends surrounded by different cultures. This thought process was heavily reflected in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Season of Migration to the newton by Tayeb Salih. Both writers tick offm to be telling a storey about colonisation with their own interpretation of different experiences. Salihs novel revolves nearly the story of brilliant M ustafa Saeed, the novel indicates journey to the fancy of light. Whereas, Conrads novel is a sweep through reversal to Kurtzs journey to Congo and connotes a journey to heart of darkness. Both novels focus on geographical locations which have in roughly way shaped the individuals in the novel and perceived their emotions such of odium and despair. It calculates that some(prenominal) writers are searching for a true identity and avoiding the conflicts of some other cultures. Their search is in the end a pointless and duration atrophy experience nevertheless their experience of colonialism was totally about corruption and greed. The determine of displacement is published by us (the readers) when Conrad instigated racism towards the Afri seats which was quite transparent. In contrast, Salih bravely expressed himself creation misogynist, which is rather contr everyplacesial in todays society-since men and women come across as universe equal.The representation of the two c ontinents in these novels is displayed in diverse ways to each other. In Conrads novel, the fabricator expresses his opinion of River Thames be mournful gloom, brooding motionless. His definition of England but darkness was here yesterday takeably reflects Conrads see to it as to how Romans once colonised England. The description gives an whim of England being wild Here and there a armed services camp lost in a wilderness uniform a needle in a bundle of hay-cold, fog, tempests, disease, exile and death- death hide in the air, in the water, in the bush. The metaphor is cleverly utilize here for camps being lost and its impossible to find them because of fog and exile. Here we discover Conrads first description of displacement from the evidence (as stated above). When Romans first arrived, England was seen as a displacement for people living there.In contrast Tayeb Salihs vote counter describes atomic number 63 (where he studies) thereof I had lost for a fourth dimension i n a land whose fishes die of the cold. This clearly evokes a judgment of displacement he felt when he was in Europe-the tonicity and emotions he got when he came back are complete reversal and it was an extraordinary result of feeling for Europe. Later in the novel we come across the narrators feeling of alienation which evoked from displacement the trial into a conflict between two terra firmas, a struggle of which I was one of the victims. Here the narrator seems to be tied up between two worlds and trying to hint that where he studied (Europe) is a different world to where he was born(p) his closure. However, when he returns to his village, he seems to remember Europe, one possible reason could be he becomes attached to that world. This is quite evident in the novel I am from here- is not this reality enough?. I used to muffin within me the image of this little village, seeing it wherever I went with the snapper of my imagination. Earlier in the novel his description of the village has drastically changed, because of the experiences that he came across in the village Over there is like here, incomplete better nor worse the narrator seems to come to a conclusion that world is the same theres no difference Europe is the same as his village.The concept of European being the dominant and powerful one is established in Edward Saids Orientalism (Is knowledge based topic in particular knowledgeknowlege and ideasisead of Asian cultures andnad languages.) In his book Said presents an argument argue of East being generated by western/European scholars who represent those cultures from a colonial point of view. Salih gives an impression of Africa is what Europeans make it. Which I think is a valid impression and its clearly evident in Conrads novel They the slaves were end slowly it was precise clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl external and rest. These moribun d shapes - Marlows description of African men and they are not tough humanely, thus Marlow describes them as less human. In one of his chapter he bright says Orientalism was ultimately a political vision of reality whose structure promoted the difference between the familiar (Europe, West, us) and the strange (the Orient, the East, them). This is true to an extent if we base it upon both novels.When featuring the element of place and displacement in a colonial novel, it is always essential that the value of the place are pictureed what effect do those set have on the character. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad mainly presents the determine of Africa through with(predicate) the character and what view does the narrator have. In chapter one Conrad presents the narrators view of Africa They were dying slowly-it was very clearnothing but opaque shadows of disease and starvation (pg20). The whole release gives an impression of African men as than human, as they the are handle and o verworked slaves. Similar approachapproch is also seen further in the novel He was usefulthe aversion spirit inside the boiler will get angrySo he sweated and shoot up and watched the glass fear fullyy (pg 45). In this passage Conrads narrator, Marlow still doesnt consider them equally and compares them with animals a dog in a parody. The reason being for this is the man had no knowledgeknowlege of machinerymachinary because for them its something new, thus they are dependent on thethr snow-covered men to train them. The tweed man took takes advantage of their lack of capacitycapcity and scares him by referringreferrring to the evil spirit.Not only the narrator in The Heart of Darkness doesnt respect the values of Africa nor the natives living there, the character of Kurtz, who is portrayed as a powerful, corrupt man, takes full advantage of these less capable men and treats them as slaves. Kurtz doesnt respect the Africans and treats them like childrenchidren who needs correcti on or help with anything He began with the argument that we whites, from the point of development we had arrived atBy simple exercise of our will we can exert a power for good (pg 61). Kurtz got the idea that before he went to Africa, the natives were living as uncivilised people which was then corruptedcorrpted by Kurtzs mission. On another surface level Kurtz, this wrotewuote also gives an impression of him believes that white men can revolutionisedrevolutioned Africa and bring goodness to the country as well as making African men more than capable. Thus the Africans will see the white men as Gods showing them the path, which they will follow.Conrad seems to dismissdimiss the values of Africa and thus portrays the role of white men ruling over Africans at the condemnation of when the novel was written. Africans were treated as slaves by the Europeans and white race at the time of slavery and the periodperoid of slavery was started long ago, during the 15th century. Throughout th e novel Conrad refers to the natives as Savages, which shows his brutality towards them. This approachapproch was very evident in the novel when he refers to the Africans as Well if a lot of mysterious niggers armed with all kinds of fearful weapons (pg 23), another example unless the body of a middle-aged negro, with a bullet-hole. (pg 24) Both these quotes are very harsh and suggest that Conrad is being very anti-Semite(a) towards the Africans. At the time, native Africansafricans were used to hearing such swaggering names and because they werent treated equally as white men, this made them more weaker and less capable to stand for their self. Furthermorethemselves. Furtehrmore, the audience wouldnt find this racist anyway England would expect something far more racism than this, as they ruled over them for hundredshunderds of years.This issue was consideredcondidered by many African Professors and one of the most efficacious approachesapproch to Conrads racism was seen by Ch inua Achebe, Nigerian novelist and professor of African Literature. Achebe called Joseph Conrad a bloody racist (Knowles Moore 299), which he moderated in later printed versions to a thoroughgoing racist (Image 257). His view is contradictory, as some would agree with him. Simply because Conrad was very trail when he was referring to the Africans with the racist word, from the point of view of Africans he would definitelydefinately be classed as a racist. Achebe also said in his lecture that Marlow represents Africans as a part of the wilder- ness. He reduces them to fragmented body parts, limbs or rolling eyeball (254). On the other hand, Marlow finds that an African who does something more than materializematerialise out of the evil jungle to scare him resembles a dog in a parody of pants (Heart 38 Image 254). To an extent his argumentsarugemts are clearly valid ones, the image of Africans portrayedportaryed by Conrad is very brutal and showssowss the narrators hostilityhost ality towards Africans. On the other hand, from the point of view of Europeans Conrad would bebeen seen as racist. They would argue argure that Conrad only portrayed the events that occurredoccured during the time and at that time people wouldnt consider this as racism. However, from a point of view of twenty-first century generation, this would be considered as racism, such deference is more dependable and sensitive, people would be more careful and consider the take up of the word before saying it.In Salihs novel, Season of Migration to the North deals withiwth the values and culture of Sudan and how the narratornarrotor and other characterschracters develop their connection with the country they were born in. In the novel, Salih presents the NorthernNothern and Southern Sudan as very different to each other. The Northern Sudan is modernizedm regulatenised, in that theretheere are many facilities such afacelities sucha s hospitals, schools and other modern infrastructures. Thism ordern indrsstructures. Which is contrasted with the narrators village in SouthernSouthewrn Sudan, where theres hardly a school for children. This conflict of Sudan is reflectedrefelcted in the novel by TayebTayed Salih and the novel givens an impression of traditional tradional Sudanese values being replaced by materialistic things and technology.Furthermore, in 1956 Sudan gained its independence and tension was on its top of the inning between the north and the south due to differencesdiffernces in religion and ethnicity. In 1983, the war brakes out againagin between the Muslim north and Christian south. Now the Southern SudaneseSudanease have gained their independence and are allowed to choose between unity and secession. The second narrator, Mustafa Saeed like the first narrator feels alienatedaliented when hes in Europe to complete his study and I, over and above everything else, am a colonizer, I am the intruder whose fate must be decided (pg 94) like the narrator, Mustafa Sa eeds comment evokes a feeling of displacement. This raises an argument that is Europe a remote place for anyone like the narrator and Mustafa Saeed or whether its just your personal experience.ReferringReferrring to the values Sudan, Salih clearly reflectsreflets these values and tradition through the characters. Mustafa SaeedsSaeeds wife Hosna portraysportays the character of characteristic loyal wife, who keeps the tradition of a Muslimmuslim wife After Mustafa Saeed, she answered with a finality that astonished me, I shall go to no man . Her character is completelycompletly oppositeness to Jean Morris, to whom Mustafa Saeed married and then killed her. Her character reflectsreflecst the values and culture of England or what he sees in her I was pleased she laughed so freely. Such a woman- there are many of her types in Europe- knows no fear they pass judgment life with gaiety and curiosity. And I am a thirsty desert, a wilderness of southernsourthern desires. This statement stereotypes the women and the way they approach men and Mustafa Saeed gives an impression of women being objectsojects in his eyes. Thus he compares himself to a prey, on a appear out for any women. Furthermore, hes suggesting that he comes from a place which wild and full of desires and in this case his desires are sexual ones. These two women are complete reversal to each other, one is loyal portraysportays the value of Sudan and other portrays the cursory European woman. The values of Europe are very differentdiffernt to Sudan, however it doesnt seem to be affecting Mustafa Saeed and yet he goes further with his desires.Frantz Fanons Black contend White masks is about the search of true identity, race and skin color.colour. at that place is a fact White men consider themselves superior to black men. There is another fact Black men want to record to white men, at all costs, the richness of their thought, the equal value of their intellect. In his book he presents his persona l experience and comments on other theories of psychologists.psychiologists. Fanon presented the idea that a person is criticizedcritised because of their native culture, they then become victims of inferiority complex, when they are put in the middle of a superior culture. Thus he believesbelievs that black men have to adopt white masks in order to become part of the superior culture. According to him, the best way to win this is to speak the language of that culture and by speaking the language, you need to understand the values and adopt the culture.cultre. So did Mustafa Saeed put on a white mask? To an extent, its its clearly evident from his desires which are not the values of Sudan. It seems that Mustafa Saeed cute the white culture so much above his original culture. However, this is arguable, as he might be trying to become part of what he believesbeleives a superior culture thus he adopts its its language as well as culture.Next pointMarlow similarly adopts the culture o f Africa or Kurtzs. Like Kurtz at the end he becomes corrupted and lies.Structure, language, form used in HOD and SOM to create effectCritical conclusion on both novels/or any parallelsparalells

Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Change Management

Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Change vigilanceRaama GabionzaEntrepreneurship takes an important role in innovation. It is an agent of salmagundi. It involves creating recent ingatherings, services, technologies, and businesses. It is about stinting development and generating wealth for investors. It is excessively about developing business to reference book companionable problems and environmental issues. In the world of wellness, entrepreneurship excessively play a vital role. It corresponds with the revolution and replaces in the state of health of the population and of the ordination. give c be for an casing, our world today suffers from distinct inevitable crisis like epidemiologic incidences and an early(a)(prenominal)wise uncommon situations affecting health of the economy. It is a threat to the population that could crap the health of every individual thus will lead to amply rates in morbidity and mortality. Early detection and treatment of these illness es or dis salves be vital representations to decrease its incidences as well as morbidity and mortality rates. Invention and creation of medical treatment and therapies as well as immunizations could less(prenominal)en the possibility of acquiring the ailment. These interventions be brought by entrepreneurship which is an agent of flip to both(prenominal) one-on-one and public health sectors. It provides interventions that atomic number 18 more developed, modern, updated and better. It in like manner provides more effective and efficient routines, surgeries, and whatsoever other ways of treating specific threats to health. Entrepreneurship is essential in some(prenominal) situation as it could help in promoting and improving the well- existence of the person and of the society as the whole.However, entrepreneurship whitethorn non always be successful as what anyone may ideate of it. There be major criticisms against entrepreneurship within the public and private heal th and fond c are sector. One example of this is the fear of change. tidy sum are afraid to change as it may be less effective and could lead to failure. They are afraid to loss their expertise and arseholet adopt to the change. Like in surgeries, when new showcase of procedure is introduced, medical practitioners are afraid to change their usual practice into new procedure as it may cause danger and hazard both to the patient and the practitioners themselves. Another criticism against entrepreneurship is the quest for profits. good deal might think that the solitary(prenominal) reason why new services are being introduced because entrepreneurs always think about gaining profit. There could be uncertainty of services. passel might doubt whether the service is really essential and necessary or not. They might feel that their ignorance are being taken for granted by the entrepreneurs presenting and introducing the new product or services.In addition, consumers may need to be a ware that not all entrepreneurs are profit oriented. Entrepreneurs can be classified as either business entrepreneur or social entrepreneur. To clearly understand the difference between the two types of entrepreneurs, Abu-Saifan (2012), identified their curious characteristics. To start with, business entrepreneurs or the so called the profit oriented are characterized as the value creator. They provide value of the commodity or product and services being introduced. While social entrepreneurs or the non-profit, are social value creator. They provide what is beneficial to the society not for the benefit of their pockets. As for being a draw, they are opinion leadership. They take care the opinion of the society before they introduce the new product or services. They are also like the managers. They start look for the problems before they fix. Like for an example in the case of diabetes, they first assess the situation. They look for the cause of problem and concentrate on repa iring them before moving on to the treatment itself. They assess what could be the cause of the problem, may it be the diet of the person or their genetics or other factors. They see the problems first before they put things right. unlike the business entrepreneur, they will besides fix what is needed to be fixed. They very much miss to foresee what is really the reason and cause of the problem. This is why they are characterized as the organizer. They just organize things. They are also strategic thinkers that they accept what schema is best for them not considering the opinion of the population or of the society. They only aim for the best of their profit and interest. They focus on their goals and on what they cherished to reach. They are high achievers. They are the exact opposite of social entrepreneurs. friendly entrepreneurs focus on their mission for the change beneficial to the society not for their pocket or to gain profit and interest which business entrepreneurs do.Moreover, in entrepreneurship, there are three strategies presented by Chin benny, (1969) as popular strategies effecting changes in human arrangements. These strategies could be useful for the counselling in choosing who to employ to their judicature considering changes as inevitable. This could also be helpful to the organization on how to manage and how to present or introduce changes to its citizenry. The first strategy is the empirical or rational. In this strategy, people can be persuaded to change establish on communication of information and by giving and offering them incentives. They have their reasons to comply to change being presented. Successful change is in concurrence to logic and reasons that could be beneficial to organization and to the people. The change in this strategy centers on the balance of incentives and risk management. The second strategy is the normative or re-educative. This type of people are those that draw together to cultural norms and values. They normally go with the flow, conforming to what is being practiced, advertised or introduced by the management or by the organization. Redefining the present culture, norms, and values, and making commitments to new ones may set forth people to change. The strategy to encourage these people to change is to consider their culture, beliefs and their ways. People who are normative or re-educative are mostly willing to adapt to change as long as they see that their cultural values are respected and are in favor to the new system or product and services. Third is the power or coercive. In this strategy, the leader or the boss of an organization coerce people to change or to do new things. People are submissive and will do what they are told to do. This type of management is often used when there is a crisis in an organization or institution where change is a must. It could also be used when change should be done as soon as possible or as it is needed. People will usually adh ere to change and will just follow what the leader ought them to do.Furthermore, any type of management strategy may be used by the organization in handling changes. All of those strategies can be helpful in making changes successful but it may also be abusive when it is not properly traverseed to the peoples need. Like for an example in the use of power or coercive strategy, it is good to be used in an emergency situations or crisis because according to Chin Benne (1969) it is assumed that people will do what they are told. Like in my own experience working as a health practitioner, there was an instance when our area was affected by typhoon. Some of us who are staying nearby the building of the institution were told by the management to do trope shifts at work in modulate to progress up the shifts of other employers who are affected by the typhoon and cannot make it to work. It was an order by the management that we, as an employers are ought to do. Considering the situation and the crisis happening, we have no other extract but to do the double shifts. It might be shocking to us but we have to do it because it is an emergency and it was the only way that could ease the situation. Another strategy by Chin Benne (1969) is the normative or re-educative wherein people adopt to change when they see that the change conforms to their norms, values and culture. For example, in my home country, most of the people are Roman Catholic. When family planning was introduced in a catholic institution, like the use of contraceptives, not all atoms of aggroup agree with the change. Roman Catholic are against with contraception. It is important for this people to consider their beliefs specially their religion and culture. In order for the change to be successful, leaders of the institution introducing contraception in the practice of health, addresses the opinions of the members of the team and people. It was agreed to make the change possible by pursuing the use o f contraceptives by health education to the people but not forcing every individual to do so or to comply. At least in that way, little by little, the change was made.In change management, there are four segments classified that could be present in an organization or in any group of people. These segments are the campaigners, initiators, opponents, and neutrals. These are important factors that could have direct or indirect effect in the system of change. In order to address properly these expected impact to the system of change, it would be helpful to divulge the differences and similarities of these factors and at the same time, it would also help the manager or the leader on how to effectively deal with the different points of view and perspectives of every member of the team. Like for an example the introduction of the use of ready reckoner system in the health care facilities instead of the use of older method, paper documentations. People who advertise and advocate the compu ter system are called the campaigners. They see the new system as beneficial and that they will gain something positive from it. They are enthusiastic about change and they will help to drive the change through. These people facilitate and give support to the trainings and education in order to promote change or the new system. Initiators, are those who would take the first step to change. They can be the creator or the designer. They are the outpouring movers and the ones who will take action to make the use of computer system possible. They are those who will make the change attainable. In order to initiate change, they educate the team about the computer system being introduced. They also facilitate, support and encourage participation and involvement of the team members to the trainings and teachings in likeness to the system of change. On the other hand, some team members might disaccord or oppose to the proposed system of change or the use of computer system. They are calle d as the opponents. They are the antagonists or the activists. They are those who are not convinced for the need of change and dont see any justification for change. Education, negotiation and sometimes coercion are the effective way to communicate to these group of people. The fourth segment identified in change management is the neutral. Neutrals are the unbiased ones. They belong to neither side of the proposed change. They just go with the flow to change or not to change. It would be helpful communicate to these group of people by setting them what is really the lot of change, why it would be beneficial to change or not to change. They should also be involved to trainings and support groups in order for them to have a clear understanding of the change being introduced and for them to have an individualized stopping point as a member of the team.ReferencesAbu-Saifan, S. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship Definition and Boundaries. Technology psychiatric hospital Management Review , February 201322-27Barton, J. (1991). delineate Entrepreneurship. Retrieved on 20 February 2015 from file///C/Users/raama.gabionza/Downloads/artikkeli_2.pdfDi-Masi, P. (n.d). Defining Entrepreneurship. Retrieved on 22 February 2015 from http//www.gdrc.org/icm/micro/define-micro.htmlNickols, F. (2010). Four Change Management Strategies. Retrieved on 26 February 2015 from http//www.nickols.us/four_strategies.pdfRouse, M. (n.d). Change Management. Retrieved on 25 February 2015 from http//searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/change-managementRubin, D. (2013). What is Entrepreneurship? Retrieved on 22 February 2015 from http//pinchot.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship/

Web-Based Tool for PowerPoint

sack-Based Tool for PowerPointAccording to Ellen, Microsoft PowerPoint is a intro plan that assistants us lay down creations glides and therefore present it on the computer or projection screen. Nowadays, the custom of Microsoft PowerPoint in universities is increasing dramatically. Al some every lecturers and students social occasion intro slides for teaching and eruditeness. Lecturers foot create a creation slide easily with important notes inside the slide with off have to print out the notes for students. Further more than, lecturers mountain sh ar their presentation slides to the students by upload the slides to the E-Learning. Students can transfer and read it or plow it with others. Problem arises when some of the lecturers or students call for to sh atomic number 18 or do some learnedness inclination much(prenominal)(prenominal) as picture, video or healthful inside the PowerPoint slides. They have to try and view each of the PowerPoint slides in d istinguish to locate the learn intentions. Hence, a weave found mechanism, Learning endeavor Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint is champion of the hunting lodge to solve this issue.Learning fair game Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint is a sack up ground tool which the users have to doorway to internet in order to use the tool. This tool can arouse assorted initialise of PowerPoint such(prenominal) as ppt, pptx, ppsx, pptm. Futhermore, this tool can convey eruditeness object with various set up such as jpg, png, gif, flv, wmv, mov, mp3, wma /.wav.Problem BackgroundMicrosoft PowerPoint is widely apply in schools and universities. PowerPoint slides that had created were used by lecturers or students for teaching and learning. It is difficult for users to share or reuse a particular learning object that in format of Microsoft PowerPoint. As a result, users have to search and view each of the presentation slides in order to share or reuse the materials. In addition , most of the users have to store the whole presentation slides in order to cede a particular learning object. This make the users faced some difficulties to reuse or share the learning object such as a picture or video. Hence, a complete tool needs to be bring outs in order to overcome these issues.PurposeThe purpose of this project is to develop a nett based tool that leave alone extract the learning object that in various formats from Microsoft PowerPoint presentation slides.ObjectiveThe objectives of this project areDevelop a tissue based tool for the users to extract the learning object into separated format from Microsoft PowerPoint presentation slides.Develop an interface for the web based tool to let the users search and browse the learning object after answer the extraction.ScopeThe scopes of this project areThe web based tool is designed for students and lecturers in universities or school.This tool forget perform in a master of ceremonies and every user can acces s it by log in to the web scalawag.This tool supports several types of Microsoft PowerPoint format such as ppt, pptx, ppsx, pptm.This tool can extract learning object with various format such as jpg, png, gif, flv, wmv, mov, mp3, wma, wav.Significance of ProjectThis tool can give convenient for its users by extract the presentation slides automatically. Users can share or reuse the learning object easily by using the extraction tool to extract the object from presentation slides. In addition, users can search for the learning object without open and view each of the presentation slides after perform the extraction.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionMicrosoft PowerPoint is the leader of all in presentation programs compare to Corel Presentation or Apples Key-note. (Emily, 2007). spate all around the world use presentation slides every day. Bulleted text, graphics, video, sound or animated slides are major content of a presentation slides. We can embed images, videos or soun d by using Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technology. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), is a Microsoft Windows feature that combines various lotion data into matchless compound document. (Thomas and Krishnan, 2002). According to Peter (2010), it is a medium for bringing programs beside Microsoft PowerPoint into the unite without leaving Microsoft PowerPoint.2.2 Research on the Existing Tool or methodIt is necessary to analyze all the new tool or current methods that exist in the internet in order to develop a complete Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint. There are one similar standalone application and a method on how to extract learning object are found for analysis study. The standalone application result be discussed in Section 2.2.1 while the method on how to extract learning object will be discussed in Section 2.2.2.2.2.1 PowerPoint Image cartridge extractor V1.2PowerPoint Image Extractor V1.2 is a freeware. It can be downloaded at http//alainlecomte .free.fr/Download.htmPPImageExtractor. This application can extract pictures and wave files from Microsoft PowerPoint and slideshow that in format of .ppt and .pps. After perform the extraction, the image files and wave files will be separate in a different folder by the application. This standalone application will croak nether Windows environment such as Windows NT/XP/Vista/7. Below are the screenshot of the application. see to it2.1.JPGFigure 2.1 Screenshot of PowerPoint Image Extractor V1.22.2.2 Extract Images and Sound from Microsoft PowerPointAll of these methods are written at pptfaq (2010). There are different methods to extract presentation files that created in different version of Microsoft PowerPoint such as in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010, Microsoft PowerPoint 2007 or Microsoft PowerPoint 2000 through and through 2003. There are several steps in order to extract images or sounds from Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 with file extension in PPTX, PPSX, PPTM, PPSM, POTX, or POTM. Firstly, right chit-chat the presentation slides and choose rename. Then, add .zip to the end of the file name and it will look similar like this type of format myfile.ppts.zip. After that, copy cross the zip file to open it in windows explorer. There is a folder name PPT, double click the folder and the images or sounds will be kept in media folder. Drag and drop the media folder to anyplace in your hard drive to save the objects. Finally, by right click the presentation file and delete the .zip extension to open it with Microsoft PowerPoint.The method to extract presentation files created by Microsoft PowerPoint 2000, 2003 and 2007 are the same. Firstly, double click to open the presentation slides. Then, click Office button and click Save As other format. In the dialog box, make sure the type of save as are save in web page (*.htm, *.html). Finally, choose a place to save it and and then close the presentation slides. Microsoft PowerPoint will create a single file and in the mean times will create another folder. Inside the created folder, there are whole destiny of files. The embedded images or sounds files will be among of the files.Justification of Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPointLearning Object Extraction is developed as web based tool to improve the current standalone application and methods by adding more supported format of presentation slides. In addition, this web based tool will extract learning object with several format such as jpg, png, gif, flv, wmv, mov, mp3, wma, wav. This tool will run in a server and require the users to upload the presentation slides to the server and extraction of learning object will be performed at the same time.Therefore, the current application and methods are studied for implementation of Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint in order to achieve the goal.2.4 Research on Current TechnologyThere are several options to choose for web development such as hypertext mark-up wrangle for static web pages, JSP and ASP.NET for dynamic web pages. The most appropriate language use on the development of Learning Object Extraction for Microsoft PowerPoint is each JSP or ASP.NET.2.4.1 Research on Java server Pages TechnologyThe use of Java Server Pages has grown rapidly since after the introduced of The Java 2 Platform. Many web developers choose to use JSP to pulp e-commerce system, dynamic websites and web profits. A JSP can compile into servlet and servlet can act as a middleware to read and sent data between client and server. (Marty and Larry, 2009). Web service will make use of servlets container such as Apache Tomcat and then execute numerous of code that define by the developer in order to perform the complete web pages.2.4.2 Research on Active Server Pages Dot NET TechnologyASP is a technology that enables web developer to build dynamic and interactive Web pages quickly and easily. We could include VBScript or JScript code commands in the ASP to be executed on the Web server before the page was sent to the users browser. ASP used book of account between and percentage sign to control server-side behavior. (Bill et al, 2010). Developer can firstly build an ASP page with only HTML static page and then can define own code to make the ASP page dynamically.Justification for Choosing JSP as the Coding LanguageJSP technology adheres to the Write Once, count Anywhere philosophy of the Java architecture. (Sun Microsystems, 1999). JSP technology can be run in any operating systems that support Java such as Unix/Linux, Mac OS or others. Compared to ASP, JSP is more popular and tool used to create JSP web pages is also free of charge. Apart from that some of the subdivision such as JavaBeans can be reused for others web pages. This can help the developer to complete the web development more faster due to the flexibleness of Java technology.

Awareness of low self esteem

Aw beness of down(p) ego think ofEver since Sigmund Freud do forays into meditate of Human Psychology, the study of divergent patterns of human demeanor, abilities at dissimilar individuals in different individuals, different come forwardlooks and different receipts to the same situations by different individuals involved great inquisitiveness in the oral sexs of the psychological look intoers. What was initi all in ally categorise under a comprehensive term individual nature afterwards proved to be an effect of various underlying factors. As the psychological research dug deep into these factors that mould the human mind and demeanour, egotism esteem and arrogance emerged to be two of the two important factors that entrance the pop come out(a)look and behaviour of a psyche (Baum 2005). The two ideas began domineering brutal have-to doe with from psychological researchers and voluminous researches naturally fol busteded (Skinner 2005). egotism-importance-im portance EsteemSelf Esteem in simple words is iodinnesss own estimate and rating of matchlesss worth (Friesen 2005, Moxley 2004, Baum 2003, Catania 2003). Self Esteem is roughlything internal for a someoneal and is non expressive. It is manifest in social behaviour and responses to certain situations. Whether one has mel small self esteem or natural depression self esteem is indicated by behaviour and situational response. epoch high self esteem in a somebody is desirable, embarrassed self esteem is a score for concern. The cases behind much(prenominal)(prenominal) natural depression esteem screw be many starting from tikeishness experiences and surrounding environment, its manifestation in individuals behaviour stooge be varied. The study of the origins behind ones embarrassed esteem, the methods to retrieve him/her from the give tongue to of let loose self-pride to public situation and his/her behavioural aberrations because of the low self esteem be pr ovoke concepts for psychological research (Skinner 2005). presumption is basically an attitude which enables one to throw external a realistic perception of oneself and ones abilities. It is displayed by manifestations want optimism, enthusiasm, emphaticness, pride, independence, trust, emotional matureness and the ability to handle and withstand criticism (Ward, Eastman Ninness 2009,Skinner 2005, Fantino, Stolarz-Fantino Navarro 2003).However talented one may be, cartel is the basic attribute which enables one to rush or perform potential. It is normal to come crosswise many talented masses perform very poorly, repeatedly and continuously in their chosen dramatics of activity and we as intumesce as hear that they atomic number 18 lacking self-reliance (Catania 2003). Confidence is non inherited, but it is acquired. Lack of confidence is not permanent and fag be driven away if addressed properly. Apart from being a mortalal attribute, confidence is in like manner i nspired by such factors as religion, culture, invokes, gender and social class. While these be the normal factors which mould the confidence of a mortal, we to a fault come across a handful of known soulfulnesss, who brave many odds in action, but never distribute up their confidence to wane (Skinner 2005).The article attempts an exhaustive study of confidence and self esteem curiously from the angle of mortalal experience and literary research available on the concept.2. Personal JournalDuring my interaction with my students and persons from diverse firmaments, I didnt come across a person who confessed that he is suffering from low self-consciousness. masses ar sc bed to admit it. However the manifestations of low self-consciousness exhibited by means of their action, deeds and behaviour reveal this facet of their personality. I came across three types of such manifestations.The first category of people is the straight off type. They emerge quite clearly as th e underdogs and underachievers. They seem to be forever and a day with a damaging emotion or delusion exaggerating limitation in capacity nature and opportunities for growth. Statements like ,I stoolnot, I should not ,I sport to and I have no other alternative are quite a good deal metres uttered by them. They appear as if they are in look at of sympathy from others, but that does not mean that they are intent on revealing their hinder.Certain behavioural aspects and qualities are explicitly discernible in them .These people are unable to open themselves up before others and also unable to trust others. They are afraid of committing mistakes and as a dissolving agent are indecisive in action. They are always anxious in the face of a variety. They are unable to participate in offhand infants play and frolic. They face problems in establishing intimacy with others and consequently go through troubled interpersonal relations. They are degenerativeally affected by the em ergency of borrowing and approval by others and are often affected by the fear of rejection or disapproval by others. Complicated judgements are not their cup of tea and they suffer from lack of objectivity and transparency in a host of options for solution to a problem. They are afraid of divergence and discord and try to mash their flavors with exaggeration and lies. They try to avoid lovingness for people for whom they are to be responsible. They ordinarily overreact to things and act impetuously getting into trouble which requires strenuous efforts to get out from. These are all straight cases of people who are afflicted with self help.There is a second category of people, who appear to be very confident superficially and also appear to be in control of situations around them. They appear to have firm opinions and often appear to be in overshadowing localisations. But this is usually a overwhelm for low self-esteem. When things go away all this exterior disappears giving way to seriousness and anxiety. They are usually self-centered, highly demanding and very independent. They try to assume leadership without actually deserving or having leadership qualities.The third type is that of fun- adjudicateers, who always try to seek fun and happiness at the expense of others. Laughter is a mask for these people to hide their low self-esteem. They try to do separatelything with an emphasis on fun to corner recognition-either giving fun or seeking it. They are tender and thick skinned and try to hide their anxieties and low self-esteem behind a mask of superficiality.The fun-seeking people are non-committal in their relationships because of haunting social fears. The only thing they try to churn out is fun which loses its sheen and induces routine after sometime. Since their effort to gain recognition I through fun but not by accomplishment of something meaningful, they dont command much importance in their mates separate.I had the occasion to fall out many people with different backgrounds, suffering from the handicap of low esteem. When the reasons for their handicap are looked into, they reveal startling diversity. But roughlyly it is the boorishness experiences that position the seeds of low self-esteem in a person. The handicap sails with his childhood into his callable date and afterwards also.Unless a conscious effort is done to drive out this feeling of low-self esteem, it persists with the person. The person may achieve fame with his accomplishments or my even achieve a celebrity status, but unless a conscious effort is scram to conquer the handicap, they always tend to become superficial in their relations.It is in reality astounding that in that respect toilet be so many childhood experiences to infuse a feeling oflow esteem into children. Some children had verbal, emotional, physiological and familiar abuse behind their low esteem. Some children were denied ticker and acceptance either at home or at shoal or in the community. Parental condition was also arrange to be one of the reasons for breeding self esteem among children. Parents who were dependent on drugs and gambling, workaholic parents and mentally-ill parents were also reason for low self esteem among children. Similarly, brought up by divorced parent or where in that respect is death of one of the parents during childhood also contributed to low self esteem. Brought up in environment which did not give range for free expression of feelings and absolutist or fundamentalist environments are also responsible for low esteem among children. In case of adults, relationships are sometimes responsible for low self esteem. Relationship or marriage with a person, who is workaholic or comes from a dependent family or suppressive atmosphere are also prone to suffer from low self esteem. as well chronic ill wellness to a member of a family sometimes was the reason for low self esteem. Members of a family which has a child born with a knowledgeal disability and members of a family where chronically ill patient is cared for are also often victims of low self esteem.Personal experiences in approach shot into touch with people are very useful in consciousness the behavioural pattern of others afflicted with the problems and counsel them to get rid themselves of low self esteem. Knowledge near low self esteem is particularly useful in dealing with children who because of circumstances beyond their control are victims of low self esteem. Particularly for me, my personal experience in this field is of immense help since I am in the field of educational instruction to exceptional(a) inescapably children.3. Literature Review3.1. Key turn out 1 Reasons for contradict self-esteem3.1.1. humble Self Esteem Vs hygienic Self EsteemSelf -esteem relates to how well a person thinks about oneself in comparison to the people around him like, his friends, friction matchs and colleagues at work. Self-esteem faec al matter be said to be the essence for living a plus flavour and helps a person to respond to various situations and thornyies in his life efficiently and realistically (P roachnik 2008). Self-esteem of a person suffer make a persons life (both professional and personal).Low self esteem stick out yield in a person due to few untoward events that energy have interpreted place in his life from his childhood. This makes the person rifle in a shell and stay aloof. This deprives the person of rational view and confidence and finally leads to self degradation (Scherer 2005). A person with low self-esteem feels that he is lowly in capabilities as compared to others. Generally the grow for this lie in the childhood where the person go out be abandoned, ridiculed or feel that he is not receiving enough love or attention. This sess lead to depression in long run (Craig 2008).Low self esteem asshole cause serious consequences and puzzle out the emotions of people to a greater e xtent(Baum 2005). The person starts living life with negativity outlook and shows stolidness in activities of his daily life. There batch also be cases where persons with sensitive nature cannot cope with the issue of disallow self esteem and afterwards can go to the extent of destroying their own life. Low self esteem can result in causing extremity in emotions and can result in depression, mental disorders, corporal disorders, child delinquency and felo-de-se attempts. This low self-esteem is the reason for violent behaviour in adolescents and can result in irreparable forcible and mental damage (Baum 2003).3.1.2. Reasons for Low Self EsteemVarious factors like environment in which the person stays or is brought up, a persons background, status, his age, surroundings can be taken as reasons for low self-esteem. For successfully dealing with this problem, one has to actualize the causes for the low self esteem in a person (Craig 2008,Denzin Lincoln 2008). A prime was sugges ted is to review the mistakes make by the person in the past.The following(a) can be taken as possible reasons and situations causing low self-esteem.Negligence in childhood can be termed as one of the reasons for low self esteem. Children brought up in environment lacking affection and love feel that they are insignificant and abandoned when they grow up with age. They mix up with people very less and find it difficult to trust others (Dalgleish, 2004).Excessive criticism and rebuke in childhood can have devastating effects on a childs psyche and this influences his confidence in his life. Repeated chiding and pointing the child that he is incapable or no-good at studies or behaviour can result in depression and resultantly there will be loss of government agency in the child. This makes the child hesitant to start anything new and makes him pessimistic enchantment doing things. He will be enveloped by a feeling of awkwardness (Harmon-Jones et al. 2004).Parents tend to pressuri ze their children to follow their dreams and fulfill their unfilled ambitions and dreams. They do not give choice to their children to choose their own career and in most cases forcibly land them in careers that they are not happy with. This leads to low self-esteem (Drake Myers 2006).When people experience failure after putting their efforts, in most cases they treat this failure as the final one and at weather it results in loss of confidence and self-esteem.Physical appearance in some people results loss of self-esteem. People with bad looks feel that they are inferior as compared to good looking people. This in most cases results in closing off from active social life(Wacker et al.2008). forbid experiences in childhood can cause low self esteem in a person and children considerably absorb such negativity and it leads to lasting impact in their minds, Negative experiences influence adults too but the impact is more pronounced in children (Ward,Eastman Ninness 2009).Child Abu se in many people is the reason for their low self-esteem. Most people experience a history of mental and fleshly abuse in their childhood. Physical abuse can include sexual abuse and can be treated but with mental abuse, it gets constituted and treatment for the same is extremely difficult. People who indulge in child abuse can be relatives, family friends, neighbours, step parents or strangers (Sigelman rider 2008).An dismissed person feels helpless and incapable. His failure to earn a job and show income to family creates low self-esteem in him (Drake Myers 2006).3.1.3. Characteristics of People with low Self-EsteemPeople with low self-esteem have the following behavioural traits which cannot be discover vary easily.People with low self-esteem lack self confidence and social skills. This makes them avoid people and social life (Baum 2005).People with electronegative self-esteem show depressed appearance most of the times and will be disturbed (Skinner 2005).These people can suffer from problems like fleshiness which arise due to eating disorders. These disorders can be harmful for their health (Skinner 2005).They fail to identify their strengths, capabilities and potential and suffer from negative thoughts (Skinner 2005).Most of the time they take compliments in a negative way and often fear criticism for their acts or work (Baum 2005).They have problem in starting a new task and do not go for taking up new responsibilities. Generally they do not make any effort to do a task as they have great fear that things will be messed up by them (Plotnik 2008).They do not form their own opinions and are afraid to do so for they lack the required confidence (Plotnik 2008).They outlook is pessimistic and life does not in any way enthusiastic for them(Baum 2005).They are not assertive and mostly very timid (Baum 2003).Some of them lose temper quickly and pick up fights (Cantania 2003).Some people with low self-esteem unsaved others for their problems. They ofte n pick quarrels on trivial issues (Cantania 2003).Short-term cognitive therapy and couselling are helpful for many people to overcome negative self-esteem.3.2. Key electrical outlet 2 -How negative Experiences are overcomeNegative experiences result in lack of self esteem. Life without self-esteem confines a person to a life with less money, less desirable employment, lesser synergistic nature and less socialising. Issues leading to low self-esteem are abuse, influence of friends, influence of media and health issues. For this there should be a fair analysis of a persons strengths and weaknesses, support from family and friends apart from church or community link (Skinner 2005).Sometimes negative experiences can influence a person to a greater extent that issues with self esteem become greater. In such a case, professional help is infallible for sorting out the persons behaviours, thoughts and feelings. The therapist can provide aid to some extent but change needs to come from within the person. A person should analyse as to why he is feeling so and effort should be do by him to come out of the same (Sigelman rider 2008).A person has to release the negative experiences of his past to experience a higher take aim of living.Whatever regrets are there in the past, whatever has distress the person or whatever exponent be the disappointment, it is time for the person to release these and go before. A 5 step procedure can adopted for the same to overcome the negative experiences of ones past (Wacker etal. 2008).Decision fashioning permitting go of the thoughts consciouslyShifting thinking from past to present.Practising on focusing on present and living with validatory thoughts.Living in the present.Making finality properly is important in a persons life. For every change that happens in life, the change starts with a decision. A person can decide on letting the negative experiences of the past take holdup of his life and dictate his present condition or else the person can take control of his decisions and become master over his emotions. Once the person decides on this, the next thing to be shaped is the mindset (Plotnik 2008,Friesen 2005).In the second step, the person should reiterate to himself that he need to release the negative thoughts from his heart and mind and embrace feelings of joy, peace and love. When a conscious decision is made to release the impressions of the negative experiences of the past, a positive energy can be experienced by the person in his body. This makes the person position himself to receive and attract more positive emotions(Plotnik 2008,Friesen 2005).In the third step, the person needs to find positivity in a situation and electric switch his focus to it. The thinking has to shift from negative experiences in the past towards cover more positivity. fair like every cloud has a bullion lining, one needs to needs to introspect as to what lesson life has taught at that time in past and how one ca n come out of the imprints from the past. The person should also think of the good this activity does and go ahead (Moxley 2004).In the fourth step, this activity of trying to come out of negative thoughts should be reinforced once more and again till it becomes a practice. Just like a toddler learns walking by trying again and again, the person should have a Try again and again, Never give up attitude in driving away the imprints of negative experiences from mind. Let us compare this with cultivation a new skill like painting. Regular practice improves ones skill at art and hones up his skills. This is because it has become a habit to think of negative experiences with the person ,so it requires determination and unshakable practice to see positive out of every situation(Drake Myers 2006).The person should interpret to himself that past cannot be changed and this fact has to be experienced consciously. Many a time there is difficulty on a persons part to brand between present a nd past. We relive over our past experiences by manner of speaking them to present.We relive on these experiences again and again even though the report cause for the negative emotion does not exist anymore or is not currently relevant.One procedure to dealing with these emotions is to conscious understand that these experiences are not happening to oneself immediately and its high time that this is released from mind and should go ahead for a more positive life. It is easier said than done. completely that is unavoidable is will power and strong desire to come out of the situation(Denzin Lincoln 2008).In case the emotions from these experiences are too very elicit and it is not possible to be away from them, the person can honest receive the thought, acknowledge it and release it. This will be difficult at first but if practised regularly becomes a habit. All he needs to do is acknowledge the thought and release it. He should not obstruct it and at the same time he will not t hink of it. He will simply acknowledge it consciously(Dalgleish, 2004).A person can start writing down about what he likes or dislikes about himself and analyse his list of likes and dislikes. He needs to figure out which one is longer and if his dislikes are realistic and if he has exaggerated his flaws(Cantania 2003). He should also analyse if all his positive points and personality traits, achievements, good sensible features and capabilities are honestly listed.Most of the negative thoughts are not consciously spy by the mind. So it is required for the person to slow down the thoughts on purpose and scan them to know what thoughts make the person feel negative. He can question himself as to why he is feel this way at present and what his negative thought is. He should question and introspect as to what triggered the negative thoughts and if the reason for the same is good enough(Skinner 2005). A correct prize as to how genuine the thought is can be the persons answer to the last question. It is suggested that the person should share his feelings with people close to him or his best friends (Dalgleish, 2004). later on this introspection and self questioning it is suggested that the person starts to volunteer and gets himself busy in group work or community program. He can adjunction community events or organizations that interemainder him. This involvement reduces the time spent on negative ideas. This way the person can start flooding his life with things very positive and with activities which involve interaction. The person can start feeling better in due course(Baum 2005).The person can take interest in personal health and fitness. This reduces time spent on thoughts relating to negative experiences. The person can start reading books on personality progress and confidence(Baum 2005).4. Implications of Practice for special of necessity children4.1. Review of Research findings on students with agglomerate Syndrome.This part of the article concent rates on review of research findings by Catriona Wilson (2010) as presumptuousness in her article Self Esteem in Children with quite a little Syndrome in the Mainstream Classroom apart from inputs from other researchers. The article By Wilson(2010) focusses on self-esteem in children having set ashore syndrome in mainstream schools compared with a group of create children in a chronologically age control group and also by comparing with group of children having problem of Generalised Developmental Delay. The perceptions of teachers regarding self-esteem in children were also considered plot of land writing this article. A multi-dimensional scale was use for measuring self esteem. The subscales in this scale were tapped academic competence, social acceptance, physical competence, physical appearance, maternal acceptance. The results showed that children having Down syndrome have good levels of self-esteem which are in some cases at higher level than their developing peers. Also with physical indicators of the condition, children with Down syndrome showed increased levels of social acceptance than children with problems of developmental delay. It was found that teachers overestimate self-esteem of children having Down syndrome seeing their peer acceptance. The findings of this research are transformed into various recommendations designed for schools and there were suggestions for future research as well (Wilson 2010).4.1.1. Self Esteem of Pupils in main stream schoolThe first year at the school is important for the self-esteem development and also adds that if students have low self-esteem, they cannot learn properly. This leads to their consistent failure and underachievement (Lawrence 1996 as cited in Wilson 2010).As a result, schools have good potential to influence students self esteem. Positive feedback by a teacher boosts the self-esteem of the student while negative feedback pulls down the students self esteem (Cosden et al. 2002 as cited in Wilson 2010).As such a teachers primary goal is to build self esteem in the student. This issue which was given insufficient attention earlier were given due recognition in the latest National Curriculum Framework for PHSE. This needed standardisation across schools. More specifically children having Special Educational Needs (SEN) are found to have considerably lesser self-esteem than their peers (La Greca match 1990 as cited in Wilson 2010).But apart from mentioning this finding, the issue was not addressed by the National curriculum.4.1.2. Self Esteem for SSEN childrenStudents with learning disabilities have to receive lot of negative messages from their childhood right from the time of their birth and that continues even in their school life as they have to bear with stereotypical and negative attitudes towards them. This makes life tough for children with learning disabilities. The SSEN students have to face with problems of social acceptance, sentiency of differences with other stu dents and academic failure (Cosden et al.2002 as cited in Wilson 2010). Also placing these students in special classes may have negative effect on their self esteem. But Beltempo Achille(1990 as cited in Wilson 2010) found that a combination of mainstream and special education will be very benefic for the SSEN students. Apart from this, there are differences in self-esteem for children falling the group of learning handicapped and the chances that this group is homogeneous are very less (Denzin Lincoln 2008,Sigelman Rider 2008, Cosden et al.2002 as cited in Wilson 2010).Down Syndrome is a genetic condition that arises with the front man of an extra chromosome 21 and can be said to be the patent reason for learning disability in both children and adults (Roizen Patterson 2003 as cited in Wilson 2010).Children with Down syndrome (DS) can be easily identified by their physical features and the children with DS develop slowly than their peers and tend to stay at each step in developm ent for a longer time. This leads to an expanding gap with children with DS and their peers. The problems with learning range from mild to severe and also students have problems with language, speech, stock and reading (Liptak 2008).As against the common notion that individuals with DS are good-natured and cheerful, there are serious problems like impulsivity, hyperactivity and attention seeking (Parens Asch 2003).Earlier, there utilize to be notion that the problem with Down syndrome is genetic and recognizing the same helped to clear the outlook that children with DS should be sent to separate institutions and led to the concept of inclusive education for these students.4.1.3. fitting of ClassroomFor younger children with DS, chairs and desks are needed to be evaluated for ensuring good posture. Platforms and stools can be provided so that childrens feet can rest on them and do not reach the ground. Cushions can be utilize in chairs in case more height is needed for the child to raise to the table. For ensuring proper grasp with writing, pencil grips can be utilize. Modification of scissors with springs is needed for these students to help them operate easily. Also there should be modification to recess activities and physical education for these pupils (CarrolAnnMc5 2010,Wilson 2010).4.1.4. Location of DS children in the ClassroomThe placement of children with DS in a classroom assumes consequence because these children often suffer from hearing loss which ranges form mild to moderate. It is necessary to ensure that these children are located nearer to para educator or teacher for listening to lectures and instructions. The pupils can be placed at a place where they can concentrate well without distraction. This place should be used rarely to improve concentration of the child. Greater use of this area for classroom can make the child feel isolated, so this place should be used cautiously (Wilson 2010).4.1.5. Helping students with DS to understand Cl assroom cultivationThe vocabulary that the child requires for classroom participation to understand and interpret the lessons should be introduced. It should be ensured that the child learns the key concepts well before the lesson is taught and is provided with the required learning tools. The level of the childs knowledge should be assessed and the vocabulary and curriculum should be circumscribed accordingly. Students with DS learn more visually. Also students should be taught concepts and instructions orally apart from teaching through diagrams, pictures and visual cues. Children can be made to repeat instructions so that they can understand lessons. Students with DS might be given shortened assignments or they can be given extra time for the completion of assignments to help them complete the assignments (CarrolAnnMc5 2010, Wilson 2010).4.1.6. Making children with DS to learn from their peersChildren with DS are friendly and sociable and learn well by imitating their peers. S o inclusion of these pupils as part of a peer group can thin down their feeling of isolation. This way peer modelling can help students with DS. It is always helpful to let the child observe their peers and learn doing a difficult task and reduces their isolation. Children without DS are also benifitted with this interaction as they start learning to accept their peers with DS and it increases their awareness (CarrolAnnMc5 2010, Wilson 2010).4.1.7.Behaviour Management of Children with DSPositive feedback can work wonders with children with Down syndrome. Effort should be made to provide positive feedback for good behaviour and the results of negative behaviour should be clearly explained to students. Also there should be good communication between the childs parents and school in case of children with DS and a daily report can be submitted to parents with daily activities, progress, behaviour and lessons taught recorded in the journal (CarrolAnnMc5 2010, Wilson 2010).4.2. Music Educ ation to Children with HandicapsHandicapped children are referred to as special needs children. Music enriches their lives. With the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the subsequent amendments made under the Section 504(CarolAnnMC5 2010),the issues pertaining to the learning environment of special needs student have to be addressed by the district schools. to boot assistance through technology was to be provided for pupils under the Disabilities Act for providing response to consumers through a delivery system in every State and also to the families with these pupils. Assistive devices are prepared and Individualised Education excogitate (IEP) for each special needs child is to be prepared by greater interaction between educators and parents. All educators working closely with Special Needs Children including the music educator are to be part of IEP meetings (CarrolAnnMc5 2010). enough benefits are not offered by Music Education and Music Therapy for the special needs child though bot h of them play significant determination in overall development and growth as per the views from professionals in these fields. While music therapy aims to improve the pupils health, music education focuses on teaching music. In some school settings, music programs are used for getting positive goals. Inclusion of various adaptive instruments such as switches enables these students to work at their own level and also work in a group setting. Velcro bands and assistive computer program